TABLE 3.

Odds ratios of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in middle age according to categories of average fast-food intake over preceding 25 y: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study¹

Model	Never–1×/mo (n = 18/377)	>1×–3× mo (n = 48/544)	1–<2×/wk (n = 96/1056)	2–<3×/wk (n = 63/526)	≥3×/wk (n = 77/498)	P-trend
Model 1	1.00	2.11 (1.20, 3.70)	2.35 (1.38, 4.00)	3.62 (2.05, 6.37)	4.99 (2.83, 8.79)	<0.0001
Model 2	1.00	2.03 (1.15, 3.58)	2.31 (1.34, 3.98)	3.50 (1.96, 6.26)	5.18 (2.87, 9.37)	<0.0001

¹All values reported as OR (95% CI). Model 1: adjusted for age, race, sex, and center. Model 2: model 1 + education, 25-y employment status, 25-y household income, 25-y diet quality, 25-y caloric intake, 25-y physical activity, 25-y alcohol intake, 25-y smoking, and history of CVD. MAFLD was defined as combination of liver attenuation ≤40 Hounsfield units (steatosis) plus 1 of 3 other metabolic-related clinical criteria (overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes, or normal-weight BMI) and at least 2 metabolic abnormalities: waist circumference ≥102/88 cm in men and women, blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or specific drug treatment, plasma triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL (≥1.70 mmol/L) or specific drug treatment, plasma HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL (<1.0 mmol/L) for men and <50 mg/dL (<1.3 mmol/L) for women or specific drug treatment, prediabetes [i.e., fasting glucose concentrations 100–125 mg/dL (5.6–6.9 mmol/L), 2-h postload glucose concentrations 140–199 mg/dL (7.8–11.0 mmol), or glycated hemoglobin 5.7–6.4% (39–47 mmol/mol)], HOMA-IR score ≥2.5, and plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration >2 mg/L. P-trend = Wald test for linear trend.