FIGURE 4.

High compared with low TMAO concentrations and associations with multiple health outcomes. Estimates are WMD and meta-analyses are based on random-effect models. An I² value ≥50% is considered to indicate substantial heterogeneity. All results are presented as HR with 95% CIs, using the Mantel–Haenszel method with a random-effects model. CRP, triglycerides and C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL, HDL cholesterol; LDL, LDL cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; WMD, weighted mean difference.