TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic and health characteristics of 9190 adults with family incomes ≤300% of the FPL, NHANES 2007–20161
| Food security | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 9190) | Secure (n = 4671) | Marginal (n = 1490) | Low (n = 1859) | Very low (n = 1170) | P value | |
| Age, y | 39.6 ± 0.4 | 40.1 ± 0.5 | 39.3 ± 0.6 | 38.2 ± 0.5 | 39.8 ± 0.7 | 0.01 |
| Income to poverty ratio | 1.43 ± 0.02 | 1.65 ± 0.03 | 1.35 ± 0.04 | 1.10 ± 0.03 | 0.99 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 |
| Sex | 0.12 | |||||
| Male | 4199 (46.3) | 2205 (47.7) | 642 (43.2) | 830 (44.9) | 522 (46.0) | |
| Female | 4991 (53.7) | 2466 (52.3) | 848 (56.8) | 1029 (55.1) | 648 (54.0) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.0001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 3300 (54.2) | 1892 (61.7) | 426 (43.8) | 538 (41.9) | 444 (49.9) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2052 (15.0) | 943 (12.1) | 370 (18.4) | 443 (18.2) | 296 (20.0) | |
| Hispanic | 3024 (22.9) | 1356 (17.8) | 566 (28.7) | 747 (33.7) | 355 (24.3) | |
| Other or multi-race | 814 (7.8) | 480 (8.5) | 128 (9.0) | 131 (6.2) | 75 (5.9) | |
| Educational attainment | <0.0001 | |||||
| <12 y | 2784 (24.0) | 1177 (18.6) | 443 (23.4) | 738 (36.1) | 426 (32.5) | |
| High school diploma or equivalent | 2377 (27.0) | 1173 (26.2) | 406 (29.0) | 492 (26.3) | 306 (29.9) | |
| Some college | 2801 (33.2) | 1474 (33.8) | 462 (34.6) | 499 (30.6) | 366 (31.9) | |
| College graduate or higher | 1228 (15.9) | 847 (21.4) | 179 (13.0) | 130 (7.1) | 72 (5.7) | |
| Marital status | <0.0001 | |||||
| Married or living with partner | 5043 (54.1) | 2657 (56.2) | 822 (55.2) | 1021 (52.9) | 543 (43.8) | |
| Never married | 2304 (27.7) | 1165 (28.1) | 363 (25.8) | 471 (27) | 305 (29.3) | |
| Separated, widowed, or divorced | 1843 (18.3) | 849 (15.7) | 305 (19.1) | 367 (20.1) | 322 (26.9 | |
| Smoking status | <0.0001 | |||||
| Never smoker | 4898 (51.9) | 2627 (54.8) | 832 (52.9) | 946 (51.4) | 493 (37.4) | |
| Former smoker | 1680 (8.7) | 916 (20.7) | 268 (19.0) | 321 (14.8) | 175 (14.4) | |
| Current smoker | 2612 (29.4) | 1128 (24.5) | 390 (28.1) | 592 (33.8) | 502 (48.2) | |
| Vigorous physical activity (any) | 1883 (23.9) | 1026 (26.2) | 313 (23.2) | 327 (20.2) | 217 (19.3) | 0.001 |
| Moderate physical activity (any) | 3334 (40.2) | 1830 (44.5) | 510 (37.8) | 610 (33.3) | 384 (32.5) | <0.0001 |
| Survey year | <0.0001 | |||||
| 2007–08 | 1851 (19.6) | 1086 (22.4) | 258 (14.4) | 334 (19.5) | 173 (12.6) | |
| 2009–10 | 2063 (19.3) | 1020 (19.9) | 329 (18.2) | 434 (18.6) | 280 (19.2) | |
| 2011–12 | 1805 (20.4) | 896 (19.5) | 313 (21.3) | 350 (19) | 246 (25.9) | |
| 2013–14 | 1790 (20.6) | 910 (20.6) | 279 (19.3) | 363 (21.6) | 238 (20.7) | |
| 2015–16 | 1681 (20.2) | 759 (17.7) | 311 (26.8) | 378 (21.3) | 233 (21.6) | |
| SNAP participation status | <0.0001 | |||||
| Participant | 2744 (25.4) | 879 (14.5) | 473 (27.7) | 815 (42.6) | 577 (50.0) | |
| Income-eligible nonparticipant | 2585 (25.4) | 1264 (23.7) | 428 (26.4) | 544 (28.0) | 349 (28.2) | |
| Income-ineligible nonparticipant | 3861 (49.2) | 2528 (61.7) | 589 (45.9) | 500 (29.5) | 244 (21.8) | |
1
Values are presented as mean ± SD or n (%). FPL, Federal Poverty Level; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
2
From univariate linear regression or chi-squared.