TABLE 2.
Associations between household food security and percentage energy intake (in kcal) from ultra-processed foods, NHANES 2007–2016 (n = 9190)1
| Household food security | n | Unadjusted mean (95% CI) | Adjusted mean (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | 4671 | 56.0 (54.9, 57.2) | 52.6 (51.6, 53.7) |
| Marginal | 1490 | 56.4 (54.9, 57.8) | 53.6 (52.2, 55.0) |
| Low | 1859 | 57.2 (55.6, 58.7) | 53.7 (52.3, 55.1) |
| Very low | 1170 | 60.12 (58.5, 61.7) | 55.72 (54.1, 57.4) |
| P-trend3 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
1
Least squared means from multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate mean % energy from ultra-processed foods adjusting for age (in 5-y increments), sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, family income to poverty ratio (continuous and squared term), marital status, smoking status, vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, survey year, and total energy intake.
2Significantly different from high food security.
3 P values for trend were obtained from linear regression models including household food security as an ordinal variable.