TABLE 3.
Associations between SNAP participation status and percentage energy intake (in kcal) from ultra-processed foods, NHANES 2007–2016 (n = 9190)1
| SNAP participation | n | Unadjusted mean (95% CI) | Adjusted mean (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| SNAP participants | 2744 | 59.3 (58.1, 60.5) | 54.7 (53.0, 56.3) |
| Income-eligible nonparticipants | 2585 | 55.62 (54.2, 57.1) | 53.02 (51.5, 54.5) |
| Income-ineligible nonparticipants | 3861 | 56.02 (54.8, 57.1) | 53.9 (52.4, 55.3) |
1
Least squared means from multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate mean percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods (adjusting for age in 5-y increments), sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, family income to poverty ratio (continuous and squared term), marital status, smoking status, vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, survey year, total energy intake, and household food security status. SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
2
Significantly different from SNAP participants.