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. 2022 Mar 10;116(1):57–73. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac062

TABLE 2.

Weighted mean daily intakes of macro- and micronutrients as percentage of energy or per 1000 kcal (nutrient density) by quartile category of dietary scores among Canadian adults (≥18 y old) from the CCHS-Nutrition1

DASH index Revised PDI ERD score DGAI 2020
Model Quartile 1 Quartile 4 Quartile 1 Quartile 4 Quartile 1 Quartile 4 Quartile 1 Quartile 4
Energy intake, kcal/d a 1903.24 ± 26.36 1742.80 ± 26.31** 1801.31 ± 36.99 2008.51 ± 29.10** 1967.20 ± 35.90 1790.45 ± 30.12** 1983.92 ± 44.67 1806.05 ± 19.31*
b 2282.71 ± 31.40 2231.45 ± 18.36 2276.92 ± 20.15 2292.11 ± 16.76 2315.41 ± 22.26 2229.68 ± 18.44** 2306.78 ± 21.89 2256.37 ± 17.65*
Carbohydrate, % of energy a 45.23 ± 0.33 51.48 ± 0.77** 41.97 ± 1.10 51.93 ± 0.71** 45.32 ± 0.66 49.17 ± 0.99** 44.08 ± 0.65 50.71 ± 0.57**
b 44.58 ± 0.35 50.60 ± 0.77** 40.83 ± 1.05 51.39 ± 0.79** 44.68 ± 0.67 48.33 ± 0.93** 43.65 ± 0.56 50.07 ± 0.59**
Fiber density, g/1000 kcal a 6.51 ± 0.13 13.61 ± 0.35** 7.21 ± 0.14 12.42 ± 0.31** 8.36 ± 0.37 10.68 ± 0.30** 6.31 ± 0.15 13.57 ± 0.20**
b 6.24 ± 0.14 13.24 ± 0.38** 6.61 ± 0.16 12.14 ± 0.35** 8.04 ± 0.37 10.26 ± 0.29** 6.21 ± 0.15 13.40 ± 0.20**
Added sugar,2 % of energy a 12.69 ± 0.32 6.74 ± 0.25** 36.34 ± 2.43 47.69 ± 1.29** 10.25 ± 0.47 8.32 ± 0.23** 11.81 ± 0.45 6.51 ± 0.17**
b 12.66 ± 0.34 6.73 ± 0.30** 48.17 ± 3.26 54.67 ± 1.48 10.28 ± 0.49 8.36 ± 0.24** 11.68 ± 0.46 6.35 ± 0.20**
Total fat, % of energy a 33.78 ± 0.32 29.90 ± 0.45** 34.27 ± 0.37 30.59 ± 0.52** 34.07 ± 0.56 30.79 ± 0.49** 35.46 ± 0.41 29.25 ± 0.35**
b 34.48 ± 0.39 30.87 ± 0.54** 35.34 ± 0.38 31.09 ± 0.67** 34.71 ± 0.65 31.66 ± 0.52** 35.90 ± 0.38 29.91 ± 0.46**
Saturated fat, % of energy a 11.30 ± 0.20 9.09 ± 0.15** 11.95 ± 0.12 9.15 ± 0.17** 11.30 ± 0.32 9.84 ± 0.18** 12.63 ± 0.18 8.60 ± 0.10**
b 11.54 ± 0.22 9.43 ± 0.18** 12.38 ± 0.14 9.33 ± 0.22** 11.53 ± 0.34 10.16 ± 0.19** 12.74 ± 0.16 8.78 ± 0.13**
MUFAs, % of energy a 12.65 ± 0.11 11.16 ± 0.25* 12.26 ± 0.14 11.85 ± 0.25 12.72 ± 0.23 11.39 ± 0.25** 12.84 ± 0.15 11.13 ± 0.25**
b 12.98 ± 0.13 11.60 ± 0.30* 12.71 ± 0.14 12.09 ± 0.32 13.03 ± 0.27 11.79 ± 0.27** 13.09 ± 0.15 11.49 ± 0.33**
PUFAs, % of energy a 6.85 ± 0.08 6.89 ± 0.14 7.01 ± 0.21 6.81 ± 0.15 7.0 ± 0.12 6.73 ± 0.13* 6.85 ± 0.15 6.77 ± 0.09
b 6.92 ± 0.10 7.0 ± 0.16 7.13 ± 0.20 6.84 ± 0.18* 7.05 ± 0.12 6.81 ± 0.14* 6.90 ± 0.15 6.85 ± 0.10
Linoleic acid, % of energy a 5.73 ± 0.07 5.84 ± 0.15 5.89 ± 0.18 5.81 ± 0.14 5.85 ± 0.10 5.74 ± 0.12 5.81 ± 0.12 5.66 ± 0.08
b 5.81 ± 0.09 5.96 ± 0.17 6.01 ± 0.18 5.84 ± 0.17* 5.92 ± 0.11 5.83 ± 0.12 5.87 ± 0.12 5.75 ± 0.09
Linolenic acid, % of energy a 0.75 ± 0.01 0.79 ± 0.02 0.76 ± 0.02 0.76 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.04 0.75 ± 0.02 0.74 ± 0.01 0.78 ± 0.02*
b 0.75 ± 0.91 0.79 ± 0.02 0.76 ± 0.02 0.76 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.03 0.75 ± 0.02 0.74 ± 0.01 0.78 ± 0.02*
Protein, % of energy a 18.47 ± 0.35 15.88 ± 0.15** 19.22 ± 0.21 15.13 ± 0.15** 18.16 ± 0.22 16.08 ± 0.25** 15.94 ± 0.21 18.26 ± 0.17**
b 18.16 ± 0.28 15.43 ± 0.16** 18.88 ± 0.21 15.01 ± 0.14** 17.91 ± 0.21 15.71 ± 0.20** 15.79 ± 0.23 18.02 ± 0.21**
Alcohol, % of energy a 2.52 ± 0.18 2.73 ± 0.40 4.54 ± 0.88 2.34 ± 0.30* 2.45 ± 0.27 3.96 ± 0.71* 4.52 ± 0.36 1.78 ± 0.22**
b 2.78 ± 0.24 3.10 ± 0.28 4.95 ± 0.73 2.51 ± 0.19** 2.70 ± 0.22 4.30 ± 0.56* 4.66 ± 0.28 2.0 ± 0.17**
Cholesterol density, mg/1000 kcal a 190.68 ± 5.69 111.71 ± 4.27** 200.89 ± 4.35 100.97 ± 3.60** 199.46 ± 4.80 112.61 ± 2.86** 174.79 ± 4.94 127.15 ± 3.98**
b 189.04 ± 7.52 108.66 ± 5.99** 200.99 ± 6.17 102.0 ± 5.51** 198.52 ± 4.89 110.64 ± 4.13** 173.11 ± 5.99 124.53 ± 5.28**
Calcium density, mg/1000 kcal a 348.18 ± 6.26 500.96 ± 9.23** 472.87 ± 9.65 402.69 ± 5.38** 424.11 ± 11.31 439.91 ± 9.08* 405.89 ± 7.36 457.12 ± 9.08**
b 343.0 ± 6.03 493.05 ± 8.29** 463.59 ± 9.16 399.03 ± 5.82** 418.02 ± 10.51 431.26 ± 8.74* 401.74 ± 7.56 450.66 ± 8.27**
Vitamin A density in retinol activity equivalent, µg/1000 kcal a 289.47 ± 10.47 465.08 ± 27.10** 361.72 ± 10.76 365.96 ± 13.87 382.89 ± 10.87 357.82 ± 12.72 288.47 ± 10.68 495.06 ± 19.57**
b 279.51 ± 12.32 449.66 ± 28.99** 343.91 ± 11.96 360.03 ± 18.59 372.50 ± 13.24 342.48 ± 15.82* 285.21 ± 13.25 488.86 ± 24.40**
Vitamin D density, µg/1000 kcal a 2.53 ± 0.18 2.75 ± 0.10 3.83 ± 0.18 2.04 ± 0.07** 3.44 ± 0.19 2.13 ± 0.10** 2.45 ± 0.18 2.87 ± 0.08*
b 2.49 ± 0.16 2.68 ± 0.09 3.34 ± 0.16 2.03 ± 0.07** 3.40 ± 0.17 2.06 ± 0.12** 2.44 ± 0.15 2.83 ± 0.10*
Vitamin C density, mg/1000 kcal a 38.30 ± 2.67 78.82 ± 1.96** 38.10 ± 3.25 72.39 ± 1.70** 49.88 ± 3.51 60.0 ± 2.18* 30.2 ± 1.71 81.82 ± 3.10**
b 36.66 ± 2.86 76.12 ± 2.0** 34.01 ± 2.92 71.23 ± 1.79** 48.09 ± 3.29 57.25 ± 2.64 29.94 ± 1.40 81.1 ± 3.56**
Sodium density, g/1000 kcal a 1763.34 ± 27.86 1249.24 ± 13.55** 1622.86 ± 20.99 1360.11 ± 14.97** 1481.02 ± 25.79 1497.13 ± 23.80 1579.95 ± 29.55 1389.67 ± 20.24**
b 1734.34 ± 27.70 1206.96 ± 14.48** 1594.72 ± 21.50 1349.86 ± 15.53** 1461.86 ± 25.17 1469.20 ± 24.91 1556.14 ± 29.92 1355.0 ± 17.50**
Thiamin density, mg/1000 kcal a 0.84 ± 0.01 0.89 ± 0.02* 0.88 ± 0.01 0.88 ± 0.03 0.81 ± 0.01 0.90 ± 0.04* 0.79 ± 0.02 0.93 ± 0.01**
b 0.82 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.02* 0.85 ± 0.01 0.87 ± 0.03 0.79 ± 0.01 0.88 ± 0.04 0.78 ± 0.02 0.92 ± 0.01**
Riboflavin density, mg/1000 kcal a 1.05 ± 0.01 1.10 ± 0.01* 1.16 ± 0.01 0.98 ± 0.01** 1.11 ± 0.02 1.03 ± 0.02* 1.03 ± 0.03 1.10 ± 0.02
b 1.02 ± 0.02 1.06 ± 0.01* 1.12 ± 0.02 0.97 ± 0.01** 1.09 ± 0.02 1.0 ± 0.01* 1.01 ± 0.03 1.07 ± 0.02
Niacin density in niacin equivalents, mg/1000 kcal a 22.95 ± 0.40 19.94 ± 0.25** 22.99 ± 0.30 19.51 ± 0.29** 21.86 ± 0.50 20.64 ± 0.45* 19.57 ± 0.29 22.95 ± 0.28**
b 22.58 ± 0.35 19.35 ± 0.26** 22.53 ± 0.28 19.39 ± 0.26** 21.57 ± 0.49 20.19 ± 0.41** 19.40 ± 0.25 22.67 ± 0.29**
Vitamin B-6 density, mg/1000 kcal a 0.85 ± 0.02 1.04 ± 0.03** 0.90 ± 0.02 0.94 ± 0.03* 0.98 ± 0.04 0.91 ± 0.02* 0.72 ± 0.02 1.15 ± 0.02**
b 0.84 ± 0.02 1.0 ± 0.04** 0.86 ± 0.02 0.94 ± 0.04** 0.96 ± 0.04 0.88 ± 0.03* 0.72 ± 0.02 1.14 ± 0.03**
Vitamin B-12 density, µg/1000 kcal a 2.62 ± 0.09 1.94 ± 0.09** 2.86 ± 0.09 1.75 ± 0.10** 2.71 ± 0.10 1.89 ± 0.08** 2.31 ± 0.07 2.20 ± 0.12
b 2.56 ± 0.12 1.86 ± 0.15** 2.81 ± 0.10 1.71 ± 0.13** 2.66 ± 0.10 1.83 ± 0.13** 2.27 ± 0.10 2.13 ± 0.14
Naturally occurring folate density,3 µg/1000 kcal a 91.0 ± 3.17 157.84 ± 3.31** 102.60 ± 1.80 141.38 ± 3.62** 110.78 ± 5.66 125.35 ± 2.93* 86.45 ± 2.06 157.82 ± 2.05**
b 87.86 ± 3.15 153.17 ± 3.51** 95.88 ± 1.92 138.78 ± 3.70** 107.33 ± 5.64 120.44 ± 2.63* 85.21 ± 1.64 155.64 ± 2.16**
Folacin density from food sources,4 µg/1000 kcal a 161.27 ± 3.44 202.90 ± 3.61** 165.40 ± 2.32 198.17 ± 3.01** 157.84 ± 5.16 192.32 ± 4.32** 157.88 ± 2.74 203.90 ± 2.36**
b 157.81 ± 3.53 197.64 ± 4.27** 158.72 ± 2.66 195.82 ± 3.39** 154.63 ± 5.49 187.62 ± 4.37** 155.94 ± 2.62 200.75 ± 2.34**
Phosphorus density, mg/1000 kcal a 659.45 ± 6.56 745.53 ± 6.04** 740.86 ± 11.55 671.67 ± 6.39** 722.11 ± 8.42 683.52 ± 6.08* 635.56 ± 6.67 766.62 ± 7.77**
b 647.19 ± 6.50 728.30 ± 6.12** 732.18 ± 12.01 663.38 ± 7.63** 709.81 ± 8.77 666.79 ± 6.66* 628.25 ± 8.0 755.49 ± 8.32**
Magnesium density, mg/1000 kcal a 139.08 ± 3.41 214.15 ± 2.12** 153.98 ± 1.80 192.97 ± 2.11** 162.17 ± 3.99 178.26 ± 1.94** 135.09 ± 2.19 210.88 ± 1.76**
b 134.66 ± 3.53 207.68 ± 2.28** 145.34 ± 1.97 189.50 ± 2.19** 157.47 ± 3.91 171.67 ± 1.93* 132.82 ± 1.83 207.18 ± 1.95**
Iron density, mg/1000 kcal a 6.59 ± 0.89 7.06 ± 0.07** 6.56 ± 0.06 7.09 ± 0.07** 6.46 ± 0.10 6.99 ± 0.13* 6.03 ± 0.09 7.45 ± 0.14**
b 6.47 ± 0.09 6.89 ± 0.08* 6.36 ± 0.07 7.0 ± 0.07** 6.35 ± 0.10 6.83 ± 0.13* 5.97 ± 0.08 7.35 ± 0.13**
Zinc density, mg/1000 kcal a 5.84 ± 0.13 5.67 ± 0.10 5.96 ± 0.09 5.48 ± 0.08** 5.96 ± 0.15 5.47 ± 0.06** 5.10 ± 0.15 6.22 ± 0.18**
b 5.73 ± 0.12 5.53 ± 0.13 5.83 ± 0.08 5.41 ± 0.10* 5.86 ± 0.16 5.34 ± 0.07** 5.04 ± 0.13 6.14 ± 0.21**
Potassium density, mg/1000 kcal a 1282.15 ± 16.91 1804.70 ± 17.14** 1369.28 ± 14.75 1637.84 ± 13.13** 1555.38 ± 26.41 1515.58 ± 13.60 1198.37 ± 17.01 1831.62 ± 20.80**
b 1247.95 ± 23.52 1751.16 ± 24.17** 1301.36 ± 23.62 1616.15 ± 15.97** 1519.36 ± 21.15 1462.19 ± 22.20 1183.80 ± 16.40 1805.73 ± 32.68**
Caffeine density, mg/1000 kcal a 116.04 ± 6.20 96.03 ± 3.47* 93.52 ± 4.40 94.80 ± 2.88 91.67 ± 3.98 102.62 ± 5.39 112.22 ± 13.65 86.37 ± 4.47*
b 107.63 ± 6.05 82.81 ± 3.35** 80.87 ± 4.30 91.38 ± 2.63 84.85 ± 3.47 92.11 ± 5.26 104.90 ± 12.39 75.24 ± 3.57*
Moisture density,5 g/1000 kcal a 1387.53 ± 26.73 1731.01 ± 39.97** 1534.38 ± 41.56 1487.13 ± 21.78 1382.12 ± 28.91 1605.48 ± 29.66** 1455.71 ± 37.84 1658.0 ± 31.66**
b 1285.84 ± 25.52 1567.88 ± 37.05** 1366.86 ± 34.37 1443.19 ± 20.48 1294.74 ± 29.27 1469.33 ± 26.32** 1378.56 ± 30.76 1536.44 ± 24.86**
Glycemic index density,6 per 1000 kcal a 35.55 ± 0.66 32.98 ± 0.67* 37.48 ± 1.21 28.65 ± 0.66** 31.34 ± 0.75 35.71 ± 1.0** 38.37 ± 1.41 29.88 ± 0.72**
b 32.55 ± 0.67 27.98 ± 0.54* 32.71 ± 1.23 27.73 ± 0.58** 28.95 ± 0.72 31.79 ± 0.81* 35.85 ± 1.43 25.92 ± 1.03**
Energy density,7 per 1000 kcal a 1.29 ± 0.03 0.97 ± 0.01** 1.40 ± 0.09 0.89 ± 0.01** 1.09 ± 0.03 1.18 ± 0.05 1.52 ± 0.10 0.83 ± 0.01**
b 1.20 ± 0.03 0.83 ± 0.01** 1.27 ± 0.07 0.87 ± 0.01** 1.02 ± 0.02 1.07 ± 0.05 1.43 ± 0.09 0.70 ± 0.03**
1

n = 14,026. All values are weighted means with bootstrapped variances (determined using the balanced repeated replication technique) ± SEs unless otherwise indicated. Covariate-adjusted associations between the scores and continuous variables were determined with the use of weighted multivariable linear regression. Values were adjusted for age and sex (model a), with the addition of misreporting status (model b). Only results for quartiles 1 and 4 are shown; see Supplemental Table 6 for results across all quartiles. CCHS, Canadian Community Health Survey; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; DGAI, Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index; ERD, EAT– Lancet Reference Diet; PDI, Plant-based Diet Index.

2

Because added sugars are not included in the Canadian Nutrient File, the method proposed by Brisbois et al. (59) was used to derive estimates of added sugars.

3

Naturally occurring folate included various forms of folate that are naturally present in food.

4

Sum of quantities of naturally occurring folate in addition to folic acid without consideration of their differing bioavailabilities.

5

Based on water content in food sources.

6

Estimated by assigning the mean values reported in the International Glycemic Index Table (60, 61) to each of the Bureau of Nutritional Sciences food categories (62), as described previously (63, 64).

7

The dietary energy density was calculated by dividing the total energy from foods (kcal) by the total weight of foods (g) (with the exclusion of beverages) (65, 66).

*,**Significant P-trend: *P-trend < 0.05; **P-trend < 0.0001.