Table 4.
Transmission rate from artificially contaminated hands or fingertips to inanimate surfaces
| Virus | Level of contamination | Contact time (sec) | Transmission rate | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HAV | 104 PFU | 10 | After 20 min of drying 24% of input virus transferred (3483 PFU), after 4 h 1.6% (50 PFU) | [15] |
| Norovirus | 150 µL contaminated fecal sample, 1:5 diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) | 10 |
100% (positive samples after 1st-4th contact) 75% (positive samples after 5th-6th contact) 25% (positive samples after 7th contact) |
[93] |
| 100 µL 10% fecal suspension in PBS (106 PCR detectable units) on fingertip of glove, 1 h drying | Few | from left gloved hand 100% transfer, from right gloved hand 76% | [94] | |
| Rhinovirus | 10 µL 104–105 PFU, 20 min drying | 5 | 0.7%-0.9% of inoculum (minimum 190 PFU) | [95] |
| Rotavirus | 10 µL 10% fecal suspension in PBS (104–105 PFU), 20 or 60 min drying | 10 | 16.1% or 2.6% of inoculum | [96] |
PFU plaque forming unit