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. 2022 Jun 21;9(2):e38084. doi: 10.2196/38084

Table 3.

Variables associated with reaching a minimal clinically important change in LBPa at 3-month follow-up (N=2593).


Bivariate associations Adjusted/multivariable associations

ORb (95% CI) P value OR (95% CI) P value
Sociodemographic characteristics

Sex (female) 1.4 (1.3-1.5) <.001 0.9 (0.8-1.1) .42

Age (≥65 years) 1.5 (1.3-1.7) <.001 0.9 (0.7-1.2) .34

Educational level (university) 1.5 (1.3-1.6) <.001 1.1 (1.1-1.3) .14

Occupational status (retired) 1.5 (1.4-1.7) <.001 1.2 (0.9-1.5) .27
Health-related characteristics

BMI (>25) 1.5 (1.3-1.6) <.001 1.1 (1.1-1.3) .18

Baseline LBP (>5 NRS) 2.0 (1.7-2.3) <.001 1.9 (1.6-2.1) <.001

Having radiating pain (yes) 1.4 (1.3-1.6) <.001 0.9 (0.8-1.1) .37

Pain medications (yes) 1.4 (1.3-1.6) <.001 1.1 (0.8-1.2) .99

Wish for surgery 1.1 (0.8-1.6) .5 0.6 (0.5-0.9) .02

Pain in other joints 1.3 (1.2-1.5) <.001 0.9 (0.7-0.9) .01

Depression/anxiety 1.4 (1.2-1.5) <.001 0.9 (0.8-1.1) .24

General health, NRSc (0-10), (above mean) 1.5 (1.3-1.7) <.001 1.1 (0.9-1.3 .36

Physical activity ≥150 min/week 1.3 (1.2-1.5) <.001 0.9 (0.8-1.0) .16
Treatment-related characteristics

High motivation to start treatment (NRS=10) 1.6 (1.4-1.7) <.001 1.2 (1.0-1.5) .02

≥90% adherence to treatment 1.8 (1.6-2.0) <.001 1.5 (1.3-1.8) <.001

Number of interactions with PT,d (above mean) 1.5 (1.3-1.7) <.001 1.1 (0.9-1.3) .29

Participated in peer group (yes) 1.4 (1.2-1.6) <.001 0.9 (0.8-1.1) .33

aLBP: low back pain.

bOR: odds ratio.

cNRS: numerical rating scale.

dPT: physiotherapist.