Table I.
IL-37 in autoimmune disease.
| Disease | Role of IL-37 | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|
| RA | Associated with proinflammatory factors, TLR4 | (44,45,47,49-51) |
| Associated with disease activity | (44-46,49,51-53) | |
| Associated with activated T cell function | (46) | |
| Associated with bone loss | (49) | |
| Inhibits RAFLS proliferation and migration; induces RAFLS apoptosis by inhibiting the STAT3 pathway | (54) | |
| AS/SPA | Associated with bone density | (63) |
| Associated with disease activity | (63,64) | |
| GOUT | Associated with proinflammatory factors | (67,70) |
| Associated with disease activity | (67,69) | |
| Associated with tophi forming, kidney deterioration | (67) | |
| rhIL-37 suppressed MSU-induced innate immune responses by enhancing expression of Smad3 and IL-1R8 to trigger multiple intracellular switches to inhibit NLRP3 and the activation of SOCS3 | (68) | |
| Reduces the transcription of pyrophosphate-related proteins and release of inflammatory cytokines by enhancing phagocytosis of MSU, protects mitochondrial function, and mediates metabolic reprogramming in THP-1 cells treated by MSU, which depended on the mediation of GSK-3 β | (70) | |
| OA | Associated with VAS | (75,76) |
| Affects M1/M2-like macrophage polarization | (75) | |
| Associated with proinflammatory factors | (76,78) | |
| rhIL-37 may regulate the key downstream target MMP-3 | (78) | |
| SLE | Associated with disease activity (SLEDAI) | (80,82,83) |
| Associated with kidney damage and skin lesion. | (80,83) | |
| Associated with Asian race | (81) | |
| Associated with proinflammatory factors | (82) | |
| Negatively correlated with C3/C4, and antibodies | (83,84) | |
| Associated with C3 | (84) | |
| PSS | Associated with RF, antibodies, proinflammatory factors | (87) |
| BD | Negatively correlated with inflammatory response | (89-91) |
| rhIL-37 may reduce the levels of TSLP in vitro | (92) | |
| ITP | Positive correlate with the platelet count | (95) |
| Positive correlate with proinflammatory factors | (96,97) | |
| MS | Act as a part of a feed-back loop to control underlying inflammation | (99) |
| Positive correlate with disease activity | (99,100) | |
| Regulate autophagy, apoptosis | (101) |
RA, rheumatoid Arthritis; TLR, Toll-like receptor; RAFLS, fibroblast like synoviocytes; AS, ankylosing spondylitis; SPA, spondyloarthropathy; MSU, monosodium urate; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; OA, osteoarthritis; VAS, visual analogue scale; MMP3, matrix metalloproteinase-3; SLEDAI, systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; C, complement; PSS, primary Sjögren's syndrome; BD, Behcet's disease; RF, rheumatoid factor; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; ITP, immune thrombocytopenic purpura; MS, multiple sclerosis.