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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 6.
Published in final edited form as: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019 Jun 20;29(10):1040–1049. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.06.005

Table 1.

Baseline participant characteristics by quartile of glutamine-to-glutamate ratio.

Non-cases Cases P value Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile 3 Quartile 4 P valuea

N 641 251 227 257 221 187
Age (y) 66.6 (5.8) 66.4 (5.7) 0.88 66.3 ± 5.9 66.1 ± 5.7 66.6 ± 5.7 67.2 ± 5.7 0.18
BMI (kg/m2) 29.8 (3.6) 30.8 (3.3) 0.24 30.8 ± 3.6 30.4 ± 3.3 30.0 ± 3.4 28.8 ± 3.6 <0.001
Sex (% women) 62.8 55.0 0.03 132(58.1) 131 (51.0) 138 (62.4) 145 (81.5) <0.001
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) 99.7 (15.2) 118.6 (18.0) <0.01 102.(19.8) 107.9 (17.9) 104.1 (15.2) 97.0 (14.7) <0.001
Hypertension, n (%) 577 (90) 241(96) <0.01 206 (90.7) 241 (93.8) 200 (90.5) 171 (91.4) 0.54
Dyslipidemia, n (%) 552 (86) 200 (80) <0.01 184(81.1) 216 (84.0) 191 (86.4) 161 (86.1) 0.39
Physical activity, METs/d 238(235) 249 (233) 0.90 223.7 (247.1) 242.8 (247.1) 262.2 (257.1) 233.4(197.1) 0.35
Smoking (%) 0.06
 Never 61.5 52.6 141 (62.1) 130 (50.1) 128 (57.9) 127 (67.9) 0.01
 Former 22.5 22.3 45 (19.8) 75 (29.2) 50 (22.6) 30 (16.0)
 Current 16.1 25.1 41 (18.0) 52 (20.2) 43 (19.5) 30 (16.0)
Intervention group (%)
 MedDiet + EVOO 30.9 29.9 71 (31.3) 79 (30.7) 62 (28.1) 61 (32.6) 0.39
 MedDiet + nuts 37.2 33.9 81 (35.7) 92 (35.8) 81 (36.6) 70 (37.5)
 Control 31.8 36.3 75 (33.0) 86 (33.5) 78 (35.3) 56 (29.9)
Energy intake (kcal/day) Food intake (g/day) 2289 (565) 2327 (622) 0.06 2315(550) 2366 (596) 2277 (586) 2215 (585) 0.04
 Vegetables 333 (143) 294(117) 0.0002 336(145) 316 (133) 318 (128) 318 (144) 0.2
 Fruits 360 (191) 336 (174) 0.09 319(174) 367 (208) 373 (177) 356 (178) 0.03
 Meat 133 (54) 135 (52) 0.42 140 (52) 138 (55) 129(53) 126 (54) 0.003
 Fish 101(49) 97 (42) 0.005 101 (52) 102 (46) 98 (43) 98 (49) 0.36
 Dairy 374 (222) 360 (229) 0.55 368 (221) 350 (211) 385 (224) 383 (242) 0.27
 Nuts 11 (13) 12(14) 0.24 11 (13) 12(14) 11 (14) 10 (13) 0.47
 Olive oil 38 (16) 39 (17) 0.28 37 (16) 39 (16) 39 (16) 37 (15) 0.69
 Cereal 227 (101) 242 (110) 0.09 240(101) 242 (100) 223 (108) 217 (106) <0.001
 Legume 21 (14) 18 (9) <0.001 22 (13) 19(11) 20 (9) 21 (17) 0.07

Values are mean (SD) or percentage.

BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent; MedDiet, Mediterranean diet intervention group; EVOO, Extra-virgin olive oil.

a

P value for the association of variables with quartile groups of glutamine-to-glutamate ratio.