Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics by quartile of glutamine-to-glutamate ratio.
| Non-cases | Cases | P value | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| N | 641 | 251 | 227 | 257 | 221 | 187 | ||
| Age (y) | 66.6 (5.8) | 66.4 (5.7) | 0.88 | 66.3 ± 5.9 | 66.1 ± 5.7 | 66.6 ± 5.7 | 67.2 ± 5.7 | 0.18 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.8 (3.6) | 30.8 (3.3) | 0.24 | 30.8 ± 3.6 | 30.4 ± 3.3 | 30.0 ± 3.4 | 28.8 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
| Sex (% women) | 62.8 | 55.0 | 0.03 | 132(58.1) | 131 (51.0) | 138 (62.4) | 145 (81.5) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 99.7 (15.2) | 118.6 (18.0) | <0.01 | 102.(19.8) | 107.9 (17.9) | 104.1 (15.2) | 97.0 (14.7) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 577 (90) | 241(96) | <0.01 | 206 (90.7) | 241 (93.8) | 200 (90.5) | 171 (91.4) | 0.54 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 552 (86) | 200 (80) | <0.01 | 184(81.1) | 216 (84.0) | 191 (86.4) | 161 (86.1) | 0.39 |
| Physical activity, METs/d | 238(235) | 249 (233) | 0.90 | 223.7 (247.1) | 242.8 (247.1) | 262.2 (257.1) | 233.4(197.1) | 0.35 |
| Smoking (%) | 0.06 | |||||||
| Never | 61.5 | 52.6 | 141 (62.1) | 130 (50.1) | 128 (57.9) | 127 (67.9) | 0.01 | |
| Former | 22.5 | 22.3 | 45 (19.8) | 75 (29.2) | 50 (22.6) | 30 (16.0) | ||
| Current | 16.1 | 25.1 | 41 (18.0) | 52 (20.2) | 43 (19.5) | 30 (16.0) | ||
| Intervention group (%) | ||||||||
| MedDiet + EVOO | 30.9 | 29.9 | 71 (31.3) | 79 (30.7) | 62 (28.1) | 61 (32.6) | 0.39 | |
| MedDiet + nuts | 37.2 | 33.9 | 81 (35.7) | 92 (35.8) | 81 (36.6) | 70 (37.5) | ||
| Control | 31.8 | 36.3 | 75 (33.0) | 86 (33.5) | 78 (35.3) | 56 (29.9) | ||
| Energy intake (kcal/day) Food intake (g/day) | 2289 (565) | 2327 (622) | 0.06 | 2315(550) | 2366 (596) | 2277 (586) | 2215 (585) | 0.04 |
| Vegetables | 333 (143) | 294(117) | 0.0002 | 336(145) | 316 (133) | 318 (128) | 318 (144) | 0.2 |
| Fruits | 360 (191) | 336 (174) | 0.09 | 319(174) | 367 (208) | 373 (177) | 356 (178) | 0.03 |
| Meat | 133 (54) | 135 (52) | 0.42 | 140 (52) | 138 (55) | 129(53) | 126 (54) | 0.003 |
| Fish | 101(49) | 97 (42) | 0.005 | 101 (52) | 102 (46) | 98 (43) | 98 (49) | 0.36 |
| Dairy | 374 (222) | 360 (229) | 0.55 | 368 (221) | 350 (211) | 385 (224) | 383 (242) | 0.27 |
| Nuts | 11 (13) | 12(14) | 0.24 | 11 (13) | 12(14) | 11 (14) | 10 (13) | 0.47 |
| Olive oil | 38 (16) | 39 (17) | 0.28 | 37 (16) | 39 (16) | 39 (16) | 37 (15) | 0.69 |
| Cereal | 227 (101) | 242 (110) | 0.09 | 240(101) | 242 (100) | 223 (108) | 217 (106) | <0.001 |
| Legume | 21 (14) | 18 (9) | <0.001 | 22 (13) | 19(11) | 20 (9) | 21 (17) | 0.07 |
Values are mean (SD) or percentage.
BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent; MedDiet, Mediterranean diet intervention group; EVOO, Extra-virgin olive oil.
a
P value for the association of variables with quartile groups of glutamine-to-glutamate ratio.