Table 2.
Incident type 2 diabetes by baseline plasma amino acid levels in the PREDIMED trial, 2003–2010: Observed event rates and hazard ratios.a
| Levels at baseline | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incidence Cases: 251 cases, 641 non-cases | |||||
|
| |||||
| Glutamine | HR (95% CI) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Cases | 59 | 85 | 54 | 53 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.25 (0.84, 1.86) | 0.94 (0.61, 1.44) | 0.85 (0.55, 1.30) | 0.27 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.14(0.68, 1.93) | 0.80 (0.47, 1.36) | 0.64(0.36, 1.12) | 0.04 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.02 (0.60, 1.73) | 0.69 (0.41, 1.19) | 0.48 (0.26, 0.87) | 0.004 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.02 (0.51,2.02) | 1.02 (0.54, 1.92) | 0.77 (0.41,1.48) | 0.43 |
|
| |||||
| Glutamate | HR (95% CI) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Cases | 25 | 62 | 108 | 56 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 2.35 (1.40, 3.95) | 4.13 (2.59, 6.98) | 2.45 (1.44, 4.16) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 2.24(1.22,4.11) | 4.34 (2.42, 7.78) | 2.78 (1.43, 5.41) | 0.0002 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 2.06 (1.10, 3.85) | 3.91 (2.15, 7.08) | 2.32(1.17, 4.61) | 0.003 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 (ref) | 4.07 (1.50, 11.1) | 8.31 (3.40, 20.3) | 6.26 (2.21, 17.7) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||||
| Glutamine-to-glutamate ratio | HR (95% CI) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Cases | 67 | 98 | 59 | 27 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.40 (0.95, 2.06) | 0.78 (0.51, 1.18) | 0.39 (0.23, 0.64) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.18 (0.72, 1.93) | 0.69 (0.40, 1.20) | 0.31 (0.16, 0.57) | 0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.22 (0.74, 1.99) | 0.72 (0.41, 1.25) | 0.34(0.18, 0.64) | 0.0006 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.99 (0.54, 1.82) | 0.52 (0.26, 1.04) | 0.26 (0.10, 0.66) | 0.001 |
Model 1: adjusted for age.
Model 2:Model 1 + sex (male, female), body mass index (kg/m2), smoking (never, current, former), leisure-time physical activity (metabolic equivalent tasks in minutes/day), dyslipidemia (yes, no) and hypertension (yes, no). Analysis was stratified by recruitment center and intervention group (MedDiet + EVOO, MedDiet + nuts, low-fat control).
Model 3: Model 2 + baseline levels of BCAAs. Analysis was stratified by recruitment center and intervention group (MedDiet + EVOO, MedDiet + nuts, low fat control).
Model 4: Model 2 + baseline levels of glucose. Analysis was stratified by recruitment center and intervention group (MedDiet + EVOO, MedDiet + nuts, low fat control).
Inverse normal transformation was applied to raw values.