TABLE A1.

Existing dietary measures reviewed

Measure	Items	Scoring	Total Items
PCORIa	For each of the following groups of food, tell us how often you eat each one:	Never; Rarely (less than once a week);	9
	1. Fast food or pizza	Sometimes (once a week or more but not everyday); Often (once a day or more)
	2. Desserts, candy, cookies, sweets, or salty snacks
	3. Vegetables and/or vegetable juices
	4. Fruits and/or fruit juices
	5. A glass, can, or bottle of soft drinks, kool-aid, sweet tea, or othersweetened drinks
	Which of the following behaviours describes when you eat?	Never, A few times a week, Daily
	1. Breakfast
	2. Lunch
	3. Dinner
	4. Snacks
Personal Diabetes Questionnaire (PDQ)b	During the past 3 months, how often did you...?	Never; Rarely (less than once a week); Sometimes (once a week or more but not everyday); Often (once a day or more)	4
	1. Overeat until you felt stuffed or too full?
	2. Eat unplanned snacks that you wish you had not?
	3. Make poor food choices that you wish you had not?
	4. Eat as a way to cope with negative feelings like anger, unhappiness,stress, or depression?
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health Measuresc	1. In general, would you say your health is:	Excellent (5), Very Good, Good, Fair, Poor (1)	10
	2. In general, would you say your quality of life is:
	3. In general, how would you rate your physical health?*
	4. In general, how would you rate your mental health including yourmood and your ability to think?
	5. In general, how would you rate your satisfaction with your socialactivities and relationships?
	6. In general, please rate how well you carry out your usual socialactivities and roles.*
	7. To what extent are you able to carry out your every physical activities such as walking, climbing stairs, carrying groceries, or moving a chair?*	Completely, Mostly, Moderately, A little, Not at all
	8. How often have you been bothered by emotional problems such as feeling anxious, depressed or irritable?*	Never, Rarely, Sometimes, Often, Always
	9. How would you rate your fatigue on average?	None, Mild, Moderate, Severe, Very Severe
	10. How would you rate your pain on average?	Scale 0 (No pain) to 10 (Worst Imaginable Pain)
Kaiser Permanente: Medicare Total Health Assessment Questionnaired	1. How many servings of fruits and vegetables do you eat in a typical day? (A serving is 1 piece of fruit, 1/2 cup of fruit or vegetables, 1 cup of raw leafy vegetables, or 3/4 cup of juice.)	0,1,2,3,4,5 or more	3
	2. Do you eat fewer than 2 meals a day?	Yes/No
	3. How many days a week do you have a drink containing alcohol?	0–7
WAVE questionnairee	1. Yesterday, how many times did you eat vegetables (excluding corn andpotatoes)?	0,1,2,3,4, More than 4	7
	2. Yesterday, how many times did you eat fruits (excluding fruit juice)?
	3. Yesterday, how many times did you eat bran cereals or beans(excluding green/string beans)?
	4. Yesterday, how many times did you have milk, soy milk, yogurt, cheese,or other dairy products?
	5. How often do you use lowfat dairy products?	Never; Sometimes; Always; Do not know
	6. Yesterday, how many sugared drinks like soda (excluding diet soda), fruit drinks/juice, lemonade, or sports drinks (eg, Gatorade) did you drink?	0,1,2,3,4, More than 4
	7. Yesterday, how many times did you eat candy bars, french fries, potato chips, or other “junk food” (eg, cookies)?
NHANES Dietary Screener Questionnaire (DSQ)f	26 items, available at: https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/diet/shortreg/instruments/dsq-in-nhanes-09-10-self-administered-english-version.pdf		26
TFEQ-18g	Cognitive Restraint		18
	1. I deliberately take small helpings as a means of controlling my weight.	Definitely true; mostly true, mostly false, definitely false
	2. I consciously hold back at meals in order not to gain weight.
	3. I do not eat some foods because they make me fat.
	4. How frequently do you avoid ‘stocking up’ on tempting foods?	Almost never; seldom; usually; almost always
	5. How likely are you to consciously eat less than you want?	Unlikely; slightly likely; moderately likely; very likely
	6. On a scale of 1 to 8, where 1 means no restraint in eating (eating whatever you want, whenever you want it) and 8 means total restraint (constantly limiting food intake and never ‘giving in’), what number would you give yourself?	See question, 1–8
	Uncontrolled Eating
	7. When I smell a sizzling steak or a juicy piece of meat, I find it very difficult to keep from eating, even if I have just finished a meal.	Definitely true; mostly true, mostly false, definitely false
	8. Sometimes when I start eating, I just cannot seem to stop.
	9. Being with someone who is eating often makes me hungry enough toeat also.
	10. When I see a real delicacy, I often get so hungry that I have to eatright away
	11. I get so hungry that my stomach often seems like a bottomless pit.
	12. I am always hungry so it is hard for me to stop eating before I finishthe food on my plate.
	13. I am always hungry enough to eat at any time.
	14. How often do you feel hungry?	Only at mealtimes; sometimes between meals; often between meals; almost always
	15. Do you go on eating binges though you are not hungry?	Never; rarely; sometimes; at least once a week
	Emotional Eating
	16. When I feel anxious, I find myself eating.	Definitely true; mostly true, mostly false, definitely false
	17. When I feel blue, I often overeat.
	18. When I feel lonely, I console myself by eating.
Total Measures			75

^aThe PCORI scale is found in Heerman, W. J., et al., Clusters of healthy and unhealthy eating behaviours are associated with body mass index among adults. J Nutr Educ Behav, 2017. 49(5): p. 415–21.

^bThe original PDQ scale is found in Stetson, B., et al., Development and validation of The Personal Diabetes Questionnaire (PDQ): a measure of diabetes self-care behaviours, perceptions and barriers. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2011. 91(3): p. 321–332. A short form of the PDQ scale is tested in Akohoue, S. A., et al., Psychometric evaluation of the short version of the Personal Diabetes Questionnaire to assess dietary behaviours and exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eat Behav, 2017. 26: p. 182–88. The items listed above are Items 1–4 of the shortened PDQ-11 shortened form.

^cHealth Measures. (2017, March 6). A brief guide to PROMIS Global Health instruments. http://www.healthmeasures.net/images/PROMIS/manuals/PROMIS_Global_Scoring_Manual.pdf.

^dThese questions are numbers 23, 25, and 28. Kaiser Permanente. (2012). Medicare Total Health Assessment Questionnaire. https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/ncal/Images/Medicare%20Total%20Health%20Assessment%20Questionnaire_tcm75–487922.pdf.

^eThis WAVE Questionnaire was adapated by Berry, L. L., et al. Physician counselling of overweight patients about preventive health behaviours. Am J Prev Med, 2014. 46(3): p. 297–302. The original WAVE questionnaire is found in Tsai, A.G. and T.A. Wadden, Treatment of obesity in primary care practices in the U.S.: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med, 2009. 24(9): p. 1073–79.

^fNational Cancer Institute: Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences. (2009). Dietary Screener Questionnaire. https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/diet/shortreg/instruments/dsq-in-nhanes-09–10-self-administered-english-version.pdf.

^gThe 18-item version of the TFEQ is available in Karlsson, J, et al., Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) in obese men and women: results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 2000, 24(12): p. 1715–1725. The original 51-item version of the TFEQ is available at Stunkard, A. J., and S. Messick, S., The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom Res, 29(1): p. 71–83.