Skip to main content
. 2022 Jun 1;42(7):587–608. doi: 10.1002/cac2.12316

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Intertwined interactions within the tumor ecosystem. The material and energy flow arising from tumor metabolism and intercellular communication (central) runs through the host macroenvironment, linking tumor microenvironment (upper) to distant organ niches (right), immune (bottom) as well as the nervous and the endocrine systems (left). Such tumor‐specific metabolic and other non‐metabolic hallmarks are intertwined to form a dual cause‐effect relationship that constitutes an evolving systemic onco‐sphere. Abbreviations: ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CXCL12, C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 12; CXCR4, C‐X‐C motif chemokine receptor4; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; IL‐8, interleukin‐8; MDSCs, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; Treg, Regulatory T cells.