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. 2022 Jul 6;12:11417. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14746-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Forest plots of standardized mean difference of the difference in change in proportion above a cut-off for anxiety (a), depression (b), general mental health (c), and stress (d) between females or women and males or men. Positive numbers indicate greater negative change in mental health in females or women compared to males or men. (c) reflects dichotomous COVID-19 mental health measured in early 2020, whereas (e) reflects measurements from late 2020 for Daly⁵⁰ and van der Velden⁵².