Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Study, year | Design, time period, center, country | Study aim | Image type | Machine learning model | Total images | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carrara, 2018 | Prospective, December 2015-February 2017, Single-center, Italy | Characterization of solitary pancreatic lesions | EUS elastography | Fractal-based quantitative analysis | NR | |
| Das, 2008 | Retrospective, Single center, USA | Differentiate pancreatic adenocarcinoma from nonneoplastic tissue | EUS images | Neural network | 11,099 | |
| Marya, 2020 | Retrospective, Single center, USA | Data on pancreatic adenocarcinoma | EUS images/videos | Neural network | 1,174,461 (EUS images), 955 (EUS frames per second) (video data) | |
| Norton, 2001 | Retrospective, single center, USA | Differentiate malignancy from pancreatitis | EUS images | Neural network | NR | |
| Ozkan, 2016 | Retrospecitve, January 2013-September 2014, Single center, Turkey | Diagnosing pancreatic cancer | EUS images | Neural network | 332 (202 cancer and 130 noncancer) | |
| Saftoiu, 2008 | Prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter, August 2005-November 2006 (Denmark), December 2006-September 2007 (Romania) | Differentiate malignancy from pancreatitis | EUS elastography | Neural network | NR | |
| Saftoiu, 2012 | Prospective, blinded, multicenter (13), Romania, Denmark, Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Norway, and United Kingdom | Diagnosis of focal pancreatic lesions | EUS elastography | Neural network | 774 | |
| Saftoiu, 2015 | Prospective, observational trial, multicenter (5), Romania, Denmark, Germany, and Spain | Diagnosis of focal pancreatic masses | CEH-EUS | Neural network | NR | |
| Tonozuka, 2020 | Prospective, April 2016-August 2019, Single center, Japan | Diagnosing pancreatic cancer | EUS images | Neural network | 920 (endosonographic images), 470 (images were independently tested) | |
| Zhang, 2010 | Retrospective, Controlled, March 2005 and December 2007, Single center, China | Diagnosing pancreatic cancer | EUS images | SVM | NR | |
| Zhu, 2013 | Retrospective, May 2002-August 2011, Single center, China | Differentiate malignancy from pancreatitis | EUS images | SVM | NR | |
|
| ||||||
| Study, year | Total patients | Accuracy | Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV | NPV |
|
| ||||||
| Carrara, 2018 | 100 | 85.3 (95% CI, 78.4-92.2) (pSR)/84.3 (95% CI, 76.5-91.2) (wSR)/84.31 (95% CI, 76.47-90.20) (both) | 88.4 (95% CI, 79.7-95.7) (pSR)/91.3 (95% CI, 84.2-97.1) (wSR)/86.96 (95% CI, 78.26-94.20) (both) | 78.8 (95% CI, 63.6-91.0) (pSR)/69.7 (95% CI, 54.6-84.9) (wSR)/78.79 (95% CI, 63.64-90.91) (both) | 89.7 (95% CI, 83.5-95.5) (pSR)/86.5 (95% CI, 80.3-92.8) (wSR)/89.71 (95% CI, 83.10-95.38) (both) | 76.9 (95% CI, 65.0-88.9) (pSR)/80.0 (95% CI, 66.7-92.6) (wSR)/74.29 (95% CI, 62.86-86.67) (both) |
| Das, 2008 | 56 (22 n; Group I [normal pancreas], 12 n; Group II [Chronic pancreatitis], 22 n; Group III [pancreatic adenocarcinoma]) | 100% | 93% (95% CI, 89%-97%) | 92% (95% CI, 88%-96%) | 87% (95% CI, 82%-92%) | 96% (95% CI, 93%-99%) |
| Marya, 2020 | 583 | NR | 0.95 (0.91-0.98) | 0.91 (0.86-0.94) | 0.87 (0.82-0.91) | 0.97 (0.93-0.98) |
| Norton, 2001 | 35 (14 n [chronic pancreatitis], 21 n [pancreatic adenocarcinoma]) | 80% | 100% | 50% | 75% | 100% |
| Ozkan, 2016 | 172 | 87.50% | 83.30% | 93.30% | NR | NR |
| Saftoiu, 2008 | 68 (22 n=Normal pancrease), (11 n=Chronic pancreatitis), (32 n=Pancreatic adenocarcinoma), and (3 n=Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors) | 89.70% | 91.40% | 87.90% | 88.90% | 90.60% |
| Saftoiu, 2012 | 258 | 84.27% (95% CI, 83.09%-85.44%) | 87.59% | 82.94% | 96.25% | 57.22% |
| Saftoiu, 2015 | 167 (112 n=Pancreatic carcinoma and 55 n=Chronic pancreatitis) | NR | 94.64% (95% CI, 88.22%-97.80%) | 94.44% (95% CI, 83.93%-98.58%) | 97.24% (95% CI, 91.57%-99.28%) | 89.47% (95% CI, 78.165-95.72%) |
| Tonozuka, 2020 | 139 (76 n=Pancreatic ductal carcinoma, 34 n=Chronic pancreatitis, and 29 n=Normal pancreas) | NR | 92.40% | 84.10% | 86.80% | 90.70% |
| Zhang, 2010 | 216 (153 n pancreatic cancer and 63 n [20 n normal pancreas and/or 43 n chronic pancreatitis] noncancer patients) | 97.98% (1.23%) | 94.32% (0.03%) | 99.45% (0.01%) | 98.65% (0.02%) | 97.77% (0.01%) |
| Zhu, 2013 | 388 (262 n=Pancreatic carcinoma and 126 n=Chronic pancreatitis) | 94.20% (0.1749%) | 96.25% (0.4460%) | 93.38% (0.2076%) | 92.21% (0.4249%) | 96.68% (0.1471%) |
CEH: Contrast enhanced harmonic; SVM: Support vector machine; NR: Not reported; pSR: Parenchymal strain ratio; wSR: Wall strain ratio; PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value