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. 2022 Jul 6;20:317. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01496-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — GME show anti-viral effect against DENV. A Vero cells were infected with DENV-2 (moi 2) virus for 48 h. Immunofluorescence image presents the number of DENV-2 positive Vero cells treated with two doses of GME. B Bar graph showing percentage of DENV-2 positive cells quantified using Image J (NIH) software. Data is represented as mean ± SD from ten dissimilar fields of three independent experiments. C–F Vero cells were infected with DENV-2 (moi 2) virus and cultured with 50 µg/ml goat exosomes (GME) or 50 µg/ml of heat inactivated goat exosomes (HiGME) for 48 h. Following incubation, the culture supernatant was collected. DENV-infection was analyzed in the cells while the infectious viral yield was analyzed in culture supernatants. C Histogram FACS plot showing DENV-2 infection in cells. D Bar graph showing the percentage of reduction in DENV-2 infection upon treatment with goat exosomes in DENV-2 infected Vero cells. Data is mean ± SD from three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 was considered significant. E Fresh Vero cells were infected with culture supernatants for 24 h and viral yield/titre was determined through FACS. Histogram FACS plot showing DENV-2 infection. F Bar graph displays the viral titre (FACS IU/ml) in the culture supernatants. Data is mean ± SD from three independent experiments. Statistical analysis through Mann Whitney t-test (B) and two –tailed unpaired Student’s t test (D, F)