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. 2022 Jul 5;13:31. doi: 10.1186/s13229-022-00504-7

Table 4.

Results Cross-Lagged Panel Model for Global and Surface-based MRI Brain Measures and Autistic Traitsa

Brain measures Model SRS → MRI MRI → SRS Cross-Sectional Autoregressive
ßCL-1 p value ßCL-2 p value ßCL-baseline p value ßAR-SRS p value ßAR-MRI p value
Global (N = 304)
 Total brain volume 1 0.010 0.722 − 0.045 0.371 − 0.143 0.007 0.523 6.134·10–26* 0.867 6.187·10–192*
2 0.010 0.742 − 0.045 0.374 − 0.098 0.060 0.523 1.087·10–25* 0.867 1.391·10–189*
 Cortical gray matter volume 1 0.015 0.696 − 0.051 0.306 − 0.145 0.008 0.522 9.307·10–26* 0.759 3.548·10–87*
2 0.015 0.697 − 0.051 0.310 − 0.099 0.054 0.522 1.675·10–25* 0.759 4.011·10–86*
 Subcortical gray matter volume 1 − 0.047 0.059 − 0.029 0.565 − 0.102 0.057 0.526 3.292·10–26* 0.904 5.526·10–293*
2 − 0.047 0.060 − 0.029 0.567 − 0.054 0.278 0.526 5.696·10–26* 0.904 1.351·10–289*
 Cerebral white matter volume 1 − 0.009 0.692 − 0.013 0.796 − 0.133 0.010 0.526 3.587·10–26* 0.922 2.437·10–292*
2 − 0.009 0.694 − 0.013 0.797 − 0.092 0.060 0.526 6.286·10–26* 0.922 1.838·10–291*
 Cerebrospinal fluid 1 0.049 0.202 − 0.081 0.101 − 0.064 0.253 0.523 3.781·10–26* 0.736 3.136·10–82*
2 0.042 0.442 − 0.048 0.267 − 0.066 0.220 0.523 7.034·10–26* 0.736 2.762·10–81*
 Cerebellum cortex volume 1 0.025 0.394 − 0.039 0.434 − 0.112 0.034 0.525 4.146·10–26* 0.867 3.810·10–195*
2 0.025 0.396 − 0.039 0.437 − 0.045 0.357 0.525 7.063·10–26* 0.867 6.060·10–193*
 Cerebellum white matter volume 1 0.019 0.629 − 0.045 0.369 − 0.116 0.036 0.524 5.354·10–26* 0.742 9.190·10–79*
2 0.019 0.630 − 0.045 0.371 0.075 0.150 0.524 7.999·10–26* 0.742 4.047·10–78*
 Amygdala volume 1 0.008 0.863 0.009 0.852 − 0.151 0.006 0.528 3.564·10–26* 0.586 3.598·10–35*
2 0.008 0.864 0.009 0.853 − 0.090 0.035 0.528 5.966·10–26* 0.586 8.120·10–35*
Gyrification (N = 295)
 Mean gyrification (LH + RH) 1 0.020 0.690 0.009 0.858 − 0.074 0.157 0.527 2.446·10–26* 0.863 9.849·10–199*
2 0.020 0.493 0.009 0.858 − 0.045 0.369 0.527 4.315·10–26* 0.863 1.506·10–196*
 Parietal lateral (LH) 1 − 0.001 0.985 − 0.064 0.197 − 0.081 0.138 0.523 5.766·10–26* 0.817 3.491·10–130*
2 − 0.001 0.985 − 0.064 0.199 − 0.069 0.191 0.523 9.095·10–26* 0.817 4.795·10–129*
 Occipital (RH) 1 0.035 0.269 0.025 0.616 − 0.100 0.064 0.527 3.000·10–26* 0.841 5.854·10–153*
2 0.035 0.271 0.025 0.618 − 0.066 0.200 0.527 5.224·10–26* 0.841 2.998·10–151*
Surface area (N = 304)
 Mean surface area (LH + RH) 1 0.012 0.672 − 0.035 0.471 − 0.147 0.004 0.527 2.243·10–29* 0.863 1.289·10–202*
2 0.013 0.643 − 0.033 0.494 − 0.045 0.369 0.535 8.645·10–29* 0.876 2.622·10–199*
 Postcentral medial (LH) 1 − 0.001 0.682 0.480 0.179 0.001 0.912 0.542 2.355·10–29* 0.811 4.394·10–212*
2 − 0.001 0.659 0.437 0.217 0.004 0.578 0.534 7.953·10–29* 0.880 3.055·10–223*
 Orbitofrontal (RH) 1 − 0.002 0.679 − 0.041 0.911 − 0.013 0.077 0.546 1.171·10–29* 0.781 1.843·10–133*
2 − 0.002 0.607 − 0.076 0.832 − 0.010 0.151 0.537 3.962·10–29* 0.779 8.787·10–132*
Cortical thickness (N = 304)
 Mean cortical thickness (LH + RH) 1 − 0.05 0.928 − 0.039 0.416 − 0.042 0.448 0.543 1.727·10–29* 0.928 4.916·10–19*
2 − 0.010 0.493 − 0.038 0.429 − 0.018 0.730 0.534 9.668·10–29* 0.436 1.079·10–17*
 Superior frontal (RH) 1 − 0.006 0.667 − 0.004 0.986 0.023 0.077 0.546 1.762·10–26* 0.322 1.238·10–8*
2 − 0.007 0.623 0.052 0.802 0.018 0.161 0.536 1.005·10–28* 0.318 2.885·10–8*

aßCL-1 is the cross-lagged path, where SRS scores at W1 predict MRI outcomes at W3; ßCL-2 is the cross-lagged path between MRI outcomes at W1 and SRS scores at W3; ßCL-baseline is the cross-sectional association between MRI outcomes and the SRS within W1; ßAR-SRS is the autoregressive coefficient for the SRS score; ßAR-MRI is the autoregressive coefficient for the MRI outcomes (see Eq. 1)

*Significant after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.003)