Table 4.
OR of diary-reported symptoms and medication use associated with exposure to pollen at lag 0–2 and lag 0–6 and air pollution at lag 0–2 exposure to pollen and air pollutants in single-, pairwise-, and multi-exposure models with 95% confidence interval (pooled results). Significant results are indicated with bold font
| Model adjustment | Pollen – Lag 0–2 | Pollen – Lag 0–6 | NOx – Lag 0–2 | O3 – Lag 0–2 | PM2.5 – Lag 0–2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Rhinitis or eye irritation | |||||
| Adjusted for Pollen | 1.44 (1.36; 1.52) | 1.67 (1.57; 1.78) | |||
| + NOx | 1.17 (1.02; 1.35) | 1.28 (1.08; 1.53) | 1.06 (0.86; 1.29) | ||
| + O3 | 1.14 (1.02; 1.26) | 1.23 (1.12; 1.35) | 0.81 (0.56; 1.17) | ||
| + PM2.5 | 1.18 (1.01; 1.37) | 1.35 (1.06; 1.72) | 0.88 (0.78; 1.01) | ||
| + NOx, O3, PM2.5 | 1.25 (1.16; 1.35) | 1.39 (1.27; 1.51) | 0.71 (0.42; 1.19) | 1.02 (0.34; 3.04) | 1.16 (1.02; 1.32) |
| Dyspnea | |||||
| Adjusted for Pollen | 1.17 (1.10; 1.25) | 1.23 (1.09; 1.37) | |||
| + NOx | 1.04 (0.96; 1.14) | 1.12 (1.02; 1.23) | 0.75 (0.54; 1.05) | ||
| + O3 | 1.03 (0.95; 1.12) | 1.09 (1.00; 1.20) | 1.06 (0.69; 1.61) | ||
| + PM2.5 | 1.01 (0.93; 1.10) | 1.08 (0.98; 1.19) | 0.91 (0.55; 1.50) | ||
| + NOx, O3, PM2.5 | 1.03 (0.95; 1.13) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.20) | 0.79 (0.54; 1.15) | 0.96 (0.66; 1.40) | 1.03 (0.81; 1.33) |
| Dry cough | |||||
| Adjusted for Pollen | 1.05 (0.90; 1.24) | 1.08 (0.85; 1.35) | |||
| + NOx | 1.10 (1.02; 1.18) | 1.14 (1.05; 1.24) | 0.97 (0.72; 1.31) | ||
| + O3 | 1.09 (1.01; 1.17) | 1.14 (1.05; 1.24) | 1.15 (1.00; 1.31) | ||
| + PM2.5 | 1.07 (0.99; 1.16) | 1.14 (1.05; 1.24) | 1.18 (1.05; 1.33) | ||
| + NOx, O3, PM2.5 | 1.09 (1.01; 1.17) | 1.15 (1.05; 1.28) | 0.99 (0.72; 1.35) | 1.14 (1.09; 1.19) | 1.01 (0.97; 1.06) |
| Allergy medication | |||||
| Adjusted for Pollen | 1.58 (1.44; 1.74) | 1.85 (1.60; 2.14) | |||
| + NOx | 1.23 (1.12 1.35) | 1.16 (1.08; 1.24) | 0.72 (0.52; 1.00) | ||
| + O3 | 1.19 (1.08; 1.30) | 1.15 (1.07; 1.23) | 1.29 (1.02; 1.62) | ||
| + PM2.5 | 1.15 (1.01; 1.26) | 1.16 (1.07; 1.23) | 1.15 (1.02; 1.31) | ||
| + NOx, O3, PM2.5 | 1.17 (1.07; 1.29) | 1.15 (1.06; 1.25) | 0.74 (0.59; 0.92) | 1.01 (0.78; 1.32) | 1.25 (1.07; 1.46) |
| Bronchodilating medication | |||||
| Adjusted for Pollen | 1.15 (1.08; 1.21) | 1.23 (1.16; 1.32) | |||
| + NOx | 1.07 (0.87; 1.32) | 1.10 (0.85; 1.42) | 0.84 (0.81; 0.88) | ||
| + O3 | 1.06 (0.87; 1.30) | 1.09 (0.83; 1.43) | 1.02 (0.77; 1.34) | ||
| + PM2.5 | 1.07 (0.97; 1.30) | 1.10 (0.82; 1.49) | 0.97 (0.97; 0.99) | ||
| + NOx, O3, PM2.5 | 1.07 (0.86; 1.33) | 1.12 (0.84; 1.50) | 0.81 (0.62; 1.07) | 1.04 (0.72; 1.49) | 1.09 (0.86; 1.37) |
For eye irritation/rhinitis, dyspnea, dry cough, allergy medication, “Yes” vs. “No”. For bronchodilating medication, reporting “more than yesterday” vs. “No”, “Less”, or “Same”
Results from pooled with meta-analysis of mixed model results for pollen (single-exposure), pollen and pairwise combinations of pollen and either NOx, O3 and PM2.5, and multi-exposure models adjusted for pollen. All models were adjusted for relative humidity and temperature, with identification number as a random effect. Associations for are reported per 100 grains/m3 for pollen and per city-specific IQR for pollutants (Göteborg: NOx 20.0 µg/ m3, O3 22.9 µg/ m3, PM2.5 3.3 µg/ m3, Umeå: NOx 14.7 µg/m3, O3 24.1 µg/ m3, PM2.5 2.8 µg m3)