TABLE 2.
Multivariable associations between measures of acculturation and UPF consumption among non-Hispanic Asian-American adults from the NHANES, 2011–20181
| Participants, n | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nativity status | |||||
| Foreign-born | 2024 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| US-born | 379 | 13.72 (10.9, 16.5) | 13.02 (10.0, 15.9) | 12.22 (9.1, 15.4) | 11.72 (8.6, 14.7) |
| Nativity status and years in United States | |||||
| Foreign-born, <10 y | 586 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Foreign-born, 10–19 y | 505 | 3.422 (0.34, 6.49) | 3.272 (0.19, 6.36) | 2.95 (–0.12, 6.03) | 2.99 (–0.14, 6.13) |
| Foreign-born, ≥20 y | 917 | 6.362 (3.23, 9.48) | 6.162 (3.01, 9.32) | 5.382 (1.99, 8.77) | 5.132 (1.79, 8.47) |
| US-born | 379 | 16.72 (13.5, 20.0) | 16.12 (12.5, 19.6) | 15.12 (11.2, 19.0) | 14.52 (10.7, 18.3) |
| Language spoken at home | |||||
| Non-English only | 1066 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Mixed | 678 | 5.522 (2.58, 8.46) | 5.452 (2.53, 8.37) | 5.012 (2.06, 7.97) | 4.862 (1.85, 7.86) |
| English only | 653 | 13.12 (10.3, 15.8) | 12.72 (9.9, 15.5) | 11.92 (8.8, 15.0) | 11.62 (8.5, 14.7) |
| Acculturation index | |||||
| Least acculturated | 806 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Somewhat acculturated | 961 | 5.412 (2.61, 8.22) | 5.192 (2.39, 7.98) | 4.762 (1.86, 7.67) | 4.552 (1.65, 7.46) |
| Most acculturated | 613 | 15.22 (11.8, 18.7) | 14.8 (11.2, 18.3) | 13.92 (10.0, 17.9) | 13.52 (9.5, 17.5) |
1
Values are linear regression coefficients (β) and 95% CIs. Model 1 adjusted for age; model 2 additionally adjusted for sex and marital status; model 3 additionally adjusted for educational level and family income to poverty ratio; model 4 additionally adjusted for general health status and dietary health. Ref, reference; UPF, ultra-processed food.
2
Different from the reference category, P < 0.05.