TABLE 3.
Nutritional characteristics across tertiles of the DI score among 298 participants from the DONALD (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinal Designed) study1
| Tertiles of the DI score2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutritional characteristics | Tertile 1 (n = 99) | Tertile 2 (n = 98) | Tertile 3 (n = 101) | P-trend2,3 |
| Energy, kcal/d | 2165 (2078, 2256) | 2195 (2107, 2288) | 2275 (2184, 2369) | 0.226 |
| Carbohydrate, EN% | 50.3 (49.3, 51.3) | 51.0 (50.0, 52.0) | 51.1 (50.2, 52.1) | 0.435 |
| Protein, EN% | 14.5 (14.1, 14.8) | 13.5 (13.1, 13.8) | 13.5 (13.2, 13.9) | <0.001 |
| Fat, EN% | 33.7 (32.8, 34.6) | 33.8 (32.9, 34.8) | 33.5 (32.6, 34.5) | 0.906 |
| Added sugar, EN% | 12.4 (11.4, 13.4) | 12.4 (11.4, 13.4) | 10.5 (9.80, 11.4) | 0.005 |
| Total fiber,4 g/1000 kcal | 8.82 (8.40, 9.26) | 8.89 (8.47, 9.34) | 10.0 (9.57, 10.5) | <0.001 |
| Fiber from grains,5 g/1000 kcal | 3.97 (3.74, 4.21) | 4.08 (3.85, 4.34) | 4.55 (4.29, 4.82) | 0.004 |
| Animal protein, g/1000 kcal | 23.0 (22.1, 23.9) | 20.3 (19.4, 21.2) | 19.2 (18.3, 20.1) | <0.001 |
| Saturated fats, g/1000 kcal | 16.7 (16.2, 17.2) | 16.7 (16.2, 17.2) | 16.2 (15.6, 16.7) | 0.268 |
| Cholesterol, mg/1000 kcal | 116 (111, 122) | 108 (102, 113) | 100 (95, 106) | <0.001 |
| Plant protein, g/1000 kcal | 12.8 (12.4, 13.2) | 13.0 (12.6, 13.5) | 14.2 (13.7, 14.6) | <0.001 |
| AP ratio | 1.75 (1.56, 1.95) | 1.53 (1.37, 1.71) | 1.25 (1.12, 1.39) | <0.001 |
| Polyunsaturated fats, g/1000 kcal | 5.11 (4.89, 5.33) | 5.18 (4.96, 5.40) | 5.58 (5.36, 5.80) | 0.007 |
| Linoleic acid (18:2n–6), g/d | 9.06 (8.57, 9.58) | 9.35 (8.84, 9.89) | 10.3 (9.70, 10.8) | 0.007 |
| Arachidonic acid (20:4n–6), mg/d | 119 (107, 132) | 101 (90.8, 112) | 86.6 (78.1, 96.1) | <0.001 |
| α-Linolenic acid (18:3n–3), g/d | 1.37 (1.29, 1.45) | 1.46 (1.38, 1.55) | 1.60 (1.51, 1.69) | 0.001 |
| EPA (20:5n–3), mg/d | 47.9 (38.4, 59.9) | 47.1 (37.7, 58.8) | 49.6 (39.8, 61.7) | 0.946 |
| DHA (22:6n–3), mg/d | 83.6 (70.4, 99.4) | 79.8 (67.1, 94.9) | 94.2 (79.4, 112) | 0.386 |
| n–6:n–3 PUFA ratio | 0.08 (0.08, 0.09) | 0.07 (0.06, 0.07) | 0.05 (0.05, 0.06) | <0.001 |
| Sodium, g/d | 2.78 (2.63, 2.94) | 2.76 (2.62, 2.91) | 2.76 (2.62, 2.91) | 0.978 |
| Potassium, g/d | 2.89 (2.77, 3.03) | 2.86 (2.73, 2.99) | 3.04 (2.91, 3.18) | 0.138 |
| Calcium, g/d | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 0.179 |
| Magnesium, mg/d | 316 (300, 332) | 320 (304, 337) | 350 (332, 368) | 0.012 |
| Phosphorus, g/d | 1.30 (1.24, 1.37) | 1.28 (1.22, 1.34) | 1.36 (1.29, 1.43) | 0.183 |
| Iron, mg/d | 12.2 (11.6, 12.8) | 11.6 (11.0, 12.2) | 12.7 (12.1, 13.4) | 0.058 |
| Zinc, mg/d | 10.8 (10.2, 11.4) | 10.6 (9.98, 11.2) | 11.3 (10.7, 11.9) | 0.256 |
| Iodine, μg/d | 97.0 (90.5, 104) | 88.7 (82.8, 95.1) | 95.6 (89.3, 102) | 0.159 |
| Vitamin A,6 mg/d | 1.23 (1.13, 1.33) | 1.22 (1.13, 1.32) | 1.28 (1.19, 1.39) | 0.639 |
| Vitamin E,7 mg/d | 12.2 (11.5, 12.9) | 12.9 (12.2, 13.8) | 14.4 (13.6, 15.3) | 0.001 |
| Thiamin, mg/d | 1.15 (1.07, 1.23) | 1.14 (1.07, 1.23) | 1.19 (1.11, 1.28) | 0.647 |
| Riboflavin, mg/d | 1.52 (1.42, 1.63) | 1.48 (1.38, 1.59) | 1.54 (1.43, 1.64) | 0.742 |
| Vitamin B-6, mg/d | 1.74 (1.62, 1.87) | 1.77 (1.65, 1.89) | 1.84 (1.71, 1.97) | 0.549 |
| Total folic acid, μg/d | 371 (349, 395) | 375 (352, 398) | 423 (398, 450) | 0.004 |
| Vitamin D, μg/d | 1.54 (1.39, 1.70) | 1.70 (1.53, 1.88) | 1.82 (1.64, 2.01) | 0.071 |
| Vitamin K, μg/d | 82.2 (72.8, 92.7) | 88.6 (78.5, 99.9) | 105 (92.9, 118) | 0.018 |
| Vitamin B-12, μg/d | 4.64 (4.22, 5.10) | 4.40 (4.00, 4.83) | 4.44 (4.04, 4.87) | 0.705 |
| Alcohol, g/d | 0.45 (0.27, 0.72) | 0.69 (0.42, 1.12) | 0.93 (0.58, 1.50) | 0.105 |
1
Values are adjusted mean estimates (95% CIs) obtained from linear regression. AP ratio, animal to plant protein ratio; DI, dietary index; EN%, percentage of total energy intake.
2
Adjusted for age.
3
P value for trend across tertiles of the dietary index.
4
Total fiber intake.
5
Intake of fiber attributed to intake of grains.
6
Vitamin A equivalents.
7
Vitamin E activity including tocotrienols.