TABLE 5.
Prospective associations between adherence to the EAT–Lancet reference diet during adolescence measured by a DI score and anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk markers during young adulthood in 298 participants from the DONALD (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinal Designed) study1
| Tertiles of the DI score2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk markers3 | n 4 | β (95% CI)5 | P value3,5 | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P-trend3 |
| BW, kg | 298 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.98) | <0.001 | 70.9 (68.3, 73.6) | 70.4 (67.8, 73.1) | 68.7 (66.2, 71.3) | 0.480 | |
| Model 2 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.004 | 70.5 (67.9, 73.1) | 70.5 (68.0, 73.1) | 69.1 (66.6, 71.6) | 0.659 | |
| Model 3 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.002 | 70.5 (67.3, 73.8) | 69.4 (66.4, 72.7) | 67.6 (64.6, 70.7) | 0.117 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 298 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | <0.001 | 22.8 (22.2, 23.5) | 22.4 (21.8, 23.0) | 21.7 (21.1, 22.3) | 0.045 | |
| Model 2 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.004 | 22.7 (22.1, 23.3) | 22.4 (21.9, 23.0) | 21.8 (21.3, 22.4) | 0.104 | |
| Model 3 | 0.99 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.004 | 22.9 (22.0, 23.9) | 22.5 (21.6, 23.5) | 21.9 (20.9, 22.8) | 0.030 | |
| FFMI, kg/m2 | 281 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | <0.001 | 17.1 (16.7, 17.6) | 17.0 (16.5, 17.5) | 17.0 (16.6, 17.5) | 0.925 | |
| Model 2 | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 0.039 | 17.1 (16.6, 17.6) | 17.0 (16.6, 17.5) | 17.1 (16.6, 17.5) | 0.980 | |
| Model 3 | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 0.034 | 16.9 (16.3, 17.5) | 16.8 (16.2, 17.4) | 16.6 (16.1, 17.2) | 0.514 | |
| WC, cm | 298 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | <0.001 | 77.1 (75.4, 78.8) | 76.5 (74.8, 78.2) | 75.1 (73.5, 76.8) | 0.265 | |
| Model 2 | 0.99 (0.98, 0.99) | 0.025 | 76.7 (75.1, 78.4) | 76.6 (74.9, 78.2) | 75.4 (73.8, 76.9) | 0.451 | |
| Model 3 | 0.99 (0.98, 0.99) | 0.022 | 77.1 (74.8, 79.4) | 76.3 (74.1, 78.6) | 74.9 (72.7, 77.1) | 0.089 | |
| Body fat, % | 281 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.423 | 23.2 (21.5, 24.9) | 22.1 (20.4, 23.9) | 20.1 (18.6, 21.8) | 0.040 | |
| Model 2 | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) | 0.038 | 22.9 (21.3, 24.7) | 22.2 (20.5, 23.9) | 20.3 (18.8, 21.9) | 0.071 | |
| Model 3 | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) | 0.049 | 25.1 (22.6, 27.9) | 24.2 (21.8, 26.8) | 22.9 (20.6, 25.5) | 0.149 | |
| FPG, mg/dL | 296 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.158 | 90.3 (88.3, 92.4) | 92.9 (90.8, 95.0) | 90.7 (88.7, 92.8) | 0.176 | |
| Model 2 | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.667 | 90.3 (88.3, 92.3) | 92.9 (90.9, 95.1) | 90.8 (88.8, 92.8) | 0.166 | |
| Model 3 | 0.99 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.647 | 92.1 (88.9, 95.4) | 94.7 (91.5, 98.1) | 92.2 (89.0, 95.5) | 0.138 | |
| Plasma total cholesterol, mg/dL | 298 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.197 | 162 (156, 169) | 164 (158, 171) | 158 (152, 164) | 0.379 | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.70 | 161 (155, 167) | 165 (158, 171) | 159 (153, 165) | 0.428 | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.747 | 161 (151, 171) | 165 (155, 175) | 160 (150, 170) | 0.467 | |
| Plasma LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 292 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.365 | 87.8 (82.6, 93.5) | 88.1 (82.7, 93.8) | 87.3 (82.1, 92.8) | 0.979 | |
| Model 2 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.565 | 87.2 (82.0, 92.7) | 88.2 (82.9, 93.9) | 87.8 (82.7, 93.3) | 0.967 | |
| Model 3 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.616 | 86.6 (78.6, 95.4) | 87.6 (79.6, 96.5) | 87.4 (79.4, 96.2) | 0.981 | |
| Plasma HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 294 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.029 | 55.6 (52.9, 58.4) | 57.3 (54.6, 60.3) | 54.5 (51.9, 57.2) | 0.357 | |
| Model 2 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.561 | 55.5 (52.8, 58.2) | 57.4 (54.6, 60.3) | 54.6 (52.1, 57.4) | 0.371 | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.676 | 56.4 (52.5, 60.6) | 58.7 (54.7, 63.0) | 56.5 (52.7, 60.7) | 0.394 | |
| Plasma TGs, mg/dL | 288 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.899 | 82.6 (75.2, 90.8) | 79.6 (72.5, 87.4) | 80.4 (73.4, 88.1) | 0.848 | |
| Model 2 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.954 | 82.4 (75.0, 90.6) | 79.7 (72.5, 87.5) | 80.6 (73.5, 88.3) | 0.876 | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.999 | 76.5 (65.8, 89.0) | 74.4 (64.2, 86.3) | 74.9 (64.5, 86.8) | 0.911 | |
| SBP, mm Hg | 294 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.204 | 114 (112, 116) | 114 (112, 116) | 115 (113, 117) | 0.573 | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.877 | 114 (112, 116) | 114 (112, 116) | 115 (113, 117) | 0.547 | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.925 | 114 (111, 117) | 114 (111, 117) | 115 (112, 118) | 0.739 | |
| DBP, mm Hg | 294 | ||||||
| Model 1 | 0.99 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.467 | 73.1 (71.3, 74.9) | 71.9 (70.2, 73.7) | 73.8 (72.0, 75.6) | 0.336 | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.962 | 72.9 (71.2, 74.7) | 71.9 (70.2, 73.7) | 73.9 (72.2, 75.7) | 0.292 | |
| Model 3 | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.873 | 73.2 (70.4, 75.9) | 71.9 (69.2, 74.7) | 73.7 (70.9, 76.6) | 0.330 | |
Values are adjusted mean estimates (95% CIs) obtained from linear regression unless otherwise indicated. BW, body weight; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DI, dietary index; FFMI, fat-free mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference.
Numbers of participants within each tertile of the DI score with available respective anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk markers are as follows: BW, BMI, WC, and plasma total cholesterol: n = 99, 98, and 101; FFMI and body fat: n = 96, 92, and 93; FPG: n = 98, 97, and 101; plasma LDL cholesterol: n = 98, 94, and 100; plasma HDL cholesterol: n = 99, 95, and 100; plasma TGs: n = 94, 95, and 99; SBP and DBP: n = 98, 96, and 100, for tertiles 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
Model 1 = crude; model 2 = adjusted for age and sex (continuous DI score only); model 3 = adjusted for age, sex (continuous DI score only), total energy intake, follow-up time, birth weight, pregnancy duration, parental school and higher education, and participant school and higher education.
Total number of participants with available anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk markers.
β estimates (95% CIs) from a linear model including the DI score as a continuous variable.