TABLE 4.
Dietary intakes at baseline and change in intakes during the intervention period, based on unannounced 24-h dietary recalls, for participants who reduced their FM during the intervention period compared with those without FM reduction, included in the analysis of change in liver fat1
| Δ FM (kg) < 0 (n = 35) | Δ FM (kg) ≥ 0 (n = 41) | ANCOVA | GEEs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Postintervention | Baseline | Postintervention | Raw | Adjusted | Adjusted | |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1615 [1254–1922] | −173 ± 514 | 1425 [1224–1739] | −44 ± 463 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.30 |
| Carbohydrates, %E | 48.4 [43.8–51.8] | 0.0 ± 10.7 | 49.7 [45.3–56.0] | −3.3 ± 10.6 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
| Total sugar, %E | 19.2 ± 6.4 | −2.7 ± 7.9 | 19.4 ± 6.9 | −4.0 ± 8.9 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.35 |
| Added sugars, %E | 12.1 ± 5.9 | −3.8 ± 6.5 | 12.1 ± 6.3 | −2.6 ± 8.0 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.28 |
| Free sugars, %E | 12.0 ± 6.2 | −3.6 ± 6.8 | 13.1 ± 7.0 | −4.1 ± 8.2 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.72 |
| Fiber, g/d | 14.1 [10.1–17.5] | 0.8 [−4.3 to 4.7] | 13.2 [8.9–18.9] | −1.6 [−5.1 to 2.6] | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
| Fiber, %E | 3.5 [2.7–4.2] | 0.6 ± 1.7 | 3.5 [2.8–4.1] | −0.1 ± 2.0 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.11 |
| Soluble fiber, g/d | 4.0 [2.9–4.5] | 0.1 [−1.6 to 2.1] | 3.9 [2.5–5.1] | −0.5 [−2.0 to 0.9] | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.03 |
| Soluble fiber, %E | 1.0 [0.8–1.2] | 0.1 [−0.2 to 0.6] | 1.0 [0.7–1.3] | 0.0 [−0.5 to 0.2] | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
| Insoluble fiber, g/d | 10.1 [7.1–12.0] | −1.0 [−2.9 to 3.2] | 8.7 [5.6–12.1] | −1.3 [−2.8 to 1.8] | 0.27 | 0.35 | 0.31 |
| Insoluble fiber, %E | 2.3 [1.8–2.9] | 0.3 [−0.5 to 0.9] | 2.3 [1.9–3.0] | −0.2 [−0.8 to 0.6] | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
| Fat, %E | 34.0 ± 5.9 | −0.7 ± 8.1 | 32.6 ± 5.9 | 2.5 ± 8.2 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.28 |
| SFAs, %E | 11.9 [9.9–13.4] | −0.1 ± 3.6 | 10.3 [8.0–12.6] | 0.9 ± 4.3 | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.88 |
| MUFAs, %E | 11.4 [10.1–14.3] | −0.4 ± 3.9 | 12.0 [8.6–12.9] | 1.1 ± 4.0 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.10 |
| PUFAs, %E | 8.3 ± 2.3 | −0.4 ± 2.6 | 8.2 ± 2.5 | 0.5 ± 3.9 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.14 |
| Protein, %E | 16.7 ± 4.6 | 0.8 ± 5.1 | 17.2 ± 4.6 | 0.9 ± 4.8 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.94 |
1
n = 76. Values are means ± SDs or medians [IQRs] for nonnormally distributed variables. Raw: change adjusted for baseline value. Adjusted: raw model adjusted for sex, change in BMI (except the outcome energy intake), and change in physical activity. GEE analysis of adjusted model further adjusting for sibling clusters. FM, fat mass; GEE, generalized estimating equation; %E, percentage of total energy intake.