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. 2022 Jul 6;12(9):3456–3474. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.002

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© 2022 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Advanced strategies for oral mucosal delivery. (A and B) A microneedle array directly delivered the vaccine to a depth of 50 μm into the oral mucosa. Representative high ( × 40) magnification of a Nanopatch coated with a formulation containing DiD. Green: DCs, Red: DiD. Reprinted from Ref. 63. Copyright © 2014, Elsevier. (C and D) Microneedle arrays of proMLL fillers (proMMA) constructed with mannose-PEG-cholesterol (MPC)/mannosylated lipids A-liposomes. Reprinted from Ref. 64. Copyright © 2015, Elsevier. (E and F) Supramolecular nanofibers formed by eptide-polymer self-assembly. Reprinted from Ref. 66. Copyright © 2020, Elsevier. (G) A mucoadhesive film including the nanoscaffold layer, mucoadhesive layer, backing layer and interlayer. Reprinted from Ref. 68. Copyright © 2017, Elsevier. (H) Mucoadhesive wafers blended with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and alginate (ALG) binary polymer. Reprinted from Ref. 69. Copyright © 2021, Elsevier.