Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Jul 6;12(9):3456–3474. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.002

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2022 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Advanced strategies for vaginal mucosal delivery. (A and B) A microneedle array (proSMMA) was designed for vaccine delivery to the vaginal mucosa. Reprinted from Ref. 108. Copyright © 2017, Elsevier. (C) A squalene-assisted PEG-b-PLACL nanoemulsion was used to induce an antigen-specific vaginal mucosal immune response. CD11b/c⁺ and F4/80⁺ cells in vaginal mucosa were stained by (D) HE and (E) IHC after OVA/SQ@NE immunization. (F) OVA-specific IgG titers in serum and OVA-specific IgA levels in vaginal washes. Reprinted from Ref. 109. Copyright © 2021, Elsevier.