Table 2.
Comparison between those with and without the primary outcome of in-hospital mortality.
| Parameter | All (n = 451) | Died (n = 131) | Survived (n = 320) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs)* | 58.84 (13.36) | 62.62 (12.14) | 57.3(13.55) | 0.001 |
| Gender | M: 279F: 171 | M: 90F: 41 | M: 189F: 130 | 0.07 |
|
Severity of COVID 19 * Moderate Severe Critical |
112 (32.6%) 224 (49.7%) 125 (27.7%) |
7(5.3%) 75(57.3%) 49(37.4%) |
95(29.7%) 149(46.6%) 76(23.8%) |
0.04 |
| SpO2%* | 85.25 (7.39) | 80.67 (7.14) | 87.12 (6.65) | <0.001 |
|
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus * Pre-diabetes |
216 (47.9%) 48 (10.6%) |
104(79.4%) 6 (4.6%) |
112(35%) 42(13.1%) |
<0.001 |
| Charlston comorbidity index* | 4.51 (3.47) | 5.53 (3.62) | 4.09(3.32) | <0.001 |
| 25 point CT severity index* | 11.40 (5.19) | 13.37(4.84) | 10.59 (5.11) | <0.001 |
|
HbA1c%(NGSP)* HbA1c in mmol/mol (IFCC)* |
6.53 (1.68) 48 (5) |
7.35 (2) 56 (6) |
6.19 (1.40) 43.5 (5) |
<0.001 |
| ABG* | 163.59 (63.43) | 208.60 (77.16) | 145.17 (45.57) | <0.001 |
| SHR* | 1.11 (0.27) | 1.16 (0.32) | 1.07 (0.11) | <0.001 |
|
Prevalence of SH* ABG ≥ 180 * SHR ≥ 1.14 * |
151 (33.5%) 164 (36.4%) |
74 (56.5%) 88 (67.2%) |
77 (24.1%) 76 (23.8%) |
<0.001 <0.001 |
| CRP(mg/L)* | 127.53 (134.66) | 197.71 (170.91) | 98.80 (104.04) | <0.001 |
| D-Dimer(ng/ml)* | 3310.70 (3446.51) | 4974.55 (3739.53) | 2629.56(3074.95) | <0.001 |
| LDH(mg/dl)* | 503.57 (368.09) | 714.31 (352.61) | 417.30 (338.76) | <0.001 |
| NLR* | 32.2 (42.88) | 53.70(50.55) | 23.34(35.79) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin(mcg/L)* | 3.05 (9.91) | 6.09 (12.88) | 1.80 (8.09) | 0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 145.85 (456.64) | 199.84 (327.84) | 123.74(498.67) | 0.11 |
|
Prior medication for DM Metformin Sulfonylureas Thiazolidinediones α-glucosidase inhibitor DPP4 inhibitors GLP1Ra SGLT2i Insulin |
(DM subgroup, n = 216) 166 (76.9%) 96 (44.4%) 33 (15.3%) 47 (21.9%) 134 (62%) 2 89 (41.2%) 57 (26.4%) |
(DM subgroup, n = 104) 74 (71.2%) 47 (45.2%) 13 (12.4%) 20 (19.2%) 68 (65.4%) 2 37 (35.6%) 23 (22.1%) |
(DM subgroup, n = 112) 92 (82.1%) 49 (43.8%) 20 (17.9%) 27 (24.3%) 66 (58.9%) 0 52 (46.4%) 34 (30.4%) |
0.08 0.89 0.34 0.41 0.4 0.13 0.22 |
|
Discontinued medication for DM Metformin Sulfonylureas Thiazolidinediones α-glucosidase inhibitor DPP4 inhibitors GLP1Ra SGLT2i |
156 (72.2%) 89 (41.2%) 33 (15.2%) 47 (21.8%) 41 (19%) 2 83 (38.4%) |
75 (72.1%) 45 (43.3%) 13 (12.4%) 20 (19.2%) 15 (14.4%) 2 37 (35.6%) |
81 (72.3%) 44 (39.3%) 20 (17.9%) 27 (24.1%) 26 (23.2%) 0 46 (41.1%) |
1 0.58 0.57 0.41 0.12 0.48 |
| Started on Insulin during admission * | 151 (33.5%) | 74 (56.5%) | 77 (24.1%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 185 (41%) | 54 (41.2%) | 131 (40.9%) | 1 |
| On ACEi/ARB | 132 (29.3%) | 36 (27.5%) | 96 (30%) | 0.65 |
| Remdesvir | 148 (32.8%) | 49 (37.4%) | 99 (30.9%) | 0.19 |
| Tocilizumab | 24 (5.3%) | 10 (7.6%) | 14 (4.4%) | 0.17 |
| Received single dose Vaccine prior to admission | 84 (18.6%) | 17 (13%) | 67 (20.9%) | 0.06 |
| Received double dose Vaccine prior to admission* | 41 (9.1%) | 5(3.8%) | 36(11.3%) | 0.01 |
*denotes parameter with significant differences (p < 0.05) between those who died vs those who survived. All values are expressed as mean (SD) or number (percentage)except SHR which is expressed as median (IQR). SH = Stress hyperglycemia, ABG = Absolute blood glucose at admission SHR = Stress hyperglycemia ratio, SHR = Blood glucose at admission / estimated Average Glucose (eAG) derived from HbA1c% at admission] IL-6 = Interleukin-6, CRP = C-Reactive Protein, LDH = Lactate dehydrogenase, MODS = Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,ACEi = Angiotensin converting Enzyme inhibitor, ARB = Angiotensin receptor blockers.