Table 3.

Fasted serum biochemistry and lipoprotein profile values (mmol/L) of overweight cats (n = 14) receiving control (no additional choline supplementation: 1.2 × NRC RA, 77 mg/kg BW^0.67), choline at 2 × NRC RA (126 mg/kg BW^0.67), 4 × NRC RA (252 mg/kg BW^0.67), 6 × NRC RA (378 mg/kg BW^0.67), and 8 × NRC RA (504 mg/kg BW^0.67), in a 5 × 5 Latin square design for 3-wk periods¹

Analyte	Units	Control	2 × NRC RA	4 × NRC RA	6 × NRC RA	8 × NRC RA	P Dose
TAG	mmol/L	0.37 ± 0.04b	0.39 ± 0.04ab	0.42 ± 0.04ab	0.46 ± 0.04a	0.38 ± 0.04ab	0.027
CHOL	mmol/L	6.65 ± 0.35b	6.58 ± 0.35b	6.83 ± 0.35ab	7.15 ± 0.35a	6.90 ± 0.35ab	0.012
HDL-C	mmol/L	5.20 ± 0.20b	5.28 ± 0.20ab	5.40 ± 0.20ab	5.54 ± 0.20a	5.42 ± 0.20ab	0.026
LDL-C	mmol/L	1.29 ± 0.18	1.13 ± 0.18	1.24 ± 0.18	1.40 ± 0.18	1.31 ± 0.18	0.066
VLDL	mmol/L	0.17 ± 0.02b	0.18 ± 0.02ab	0.19 ± 0.02ab	0.21 ± 0.02a	0.17 ± 0.02ab	0.027
NEFA	mmol/L	0.22 ± 0.02	0.23 ± 0.02	0.21 ± 0.02	0.20 ± 0.02	0.17 ± 0.02	0.071
ALP	U/L	26.88 ± 2.98a	26.37 ± 2.98a	26.35 ± 2.98a	24.55 ± 2.98ab	23.20 ± 2.98b	0.004
ALT	U/L	51.23 ± 4.88	45.50 ± 4.88	54.36 ± 4.88	48.88 ± 4.88	60.18 ± 4.88	0.134
CREAT	mmol/L	114.06 ± 2.92	114.63 ± 2.92	111.44 ± 2.92	112.79 ± 2.92	114.08 ± 2.92	0.702
GLUC	mmol/L	9.73 ± 0.82	9.06 ± 0.82	9.45 ± 0.82	8.35 ± 0.82	9.37 ± 0.82	0.373
BUN	mmol/L	8.16 ± 0.23a	8.00 ± 0.23ab	7.75 ± 0.23b	7.86 ± 0.23ab	7.82 ± 0.23b	0.006

Values expressed as LSM ± SEM; values in a row with superscripts without a common letter differ; P < 0.05, repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test. NRC, National Research Council; RA, recommended allowance; BW, body weight; TAG, triglycerides; CHOL, cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; CREAT, creatinine; GLUC, glucose; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.