Fig. 2.

A brief summary for the pathophysiology involved in ischemic stroke. a Excitotoxicity in ischemic stroke, in which excessive glutamate are released and both synaptic and extra-synaptic NMDARs are involved; b Cell death signaling pathways, which mainly involves autophagy, apoptosis and necroptosis in ischemic stroke; c Neuroinflammation and BBB breakdown in ischemic stroke. Here we've presented the participation of various immune cells and chemokines and cytokines released, which thus contribute to blood-brain barrier breakdown; d Oxidative stress, which is mainly characterized by ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction that involves Ca²⁺ influx into mitochondria and MPTP in ischemic stroke