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. 2022 Jul 6;12:11461. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15630-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of motor or non-motor symptoms between de novo PD patients with and without impairment in each cognitive domain. Comparison of motor or non-motor symptoms between patients with de novo PD with and without language impairment (A). Comparison of motor or non-motor symptoms between those with and without memory impairment (B). Comparison of motor or non-motor symptoms between those with and without visuospatial impairment (C). Comparison of motor or non-motor symptoms between those with and without executive impairment (D). Y-axes indicate scores for each variable including UPDRS-III, HY stage, BDI, BAI, PFS, or SCOPA-AUT in the x-axes, thereby the units of the y-axes are dependent on the clinical variables in the x-axes. Abbreviations: PD, Parkinson’s disease; UPDRS-III, Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale-part 3; HY stage, Hoehn and Yahr stage; BDI, Beck depression inventory; BAI, Beck anxiety inventory; PFS, Parkinson’s disease fatigue scale; SCOPA-AUT, the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic questionnaire.