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. 2022 Jul 6;12:11401. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15390-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Depolarizing effect of TGOT on EPN neurons persists in the absence of network activity. The direct effect of TGOT on EPN neurons was investigated by using tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 µM) to block all sodium channel activity. In the absence of network activity, bath application of TGOT depolarized the membrane potential (A) and increased the cells membrane resistance (B) at 4 and 6 min after the start of bath application. A significant hyperpolarization of the membrane potential was detected under these conditions as well (A). Average membrane potential (C) and resistance (D) values collected once every sweep (50 s) during TTX/TGOT protocol were averaged for all 19 cells showing the time course of TGOT-mediated effects, with SEM indicated in gray. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.005; ***p < 0.001.