TABLE 1.
Stroke deaths and age-standardized mortality rate attributable to lead exposure in 1990 and 2019, and its estimated annual percentage change from 1990 to 2019.
| Characteristics | 1990 |
2019 |
1990–2019 |
||
| Deaths No. × 103 (95% UI) |
ASMR per 100,000 No. (95% UI) |
Deaths No. × 103 (95% UI) |
ASMR per 100,000 No. (95% UI) |
EAPC in ASMR No. (95% CI) |
|
| Overall | 207.41 (124.08, 304.80) | 5.53 (3.28, 8.22) | 305.27 (182.80, 435.67) | 3.85 (2.30, 5.50) | −1.34 (−1.57, −1.10) |
| Sex | |||||
| Males | 128.24 (81.43, 181.88) | 7.64 (4.87, 10.88) | 189.76 (118.97, 265.43) | 5.36 (3.39, 7.48) | −1.29 (−1.54, −1.03) |
| Females | 79.18 (40.70, 124.23) | 3.88 (1.97, 6.13) | 115.51 (62.97, 177.15) | 2.63 (1.43, 4.03) | −1.46 (−1.67, −1.25) |
| Subtype | |||||
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 120.20 (72.21, 181.48) | 3.09 (1.83, 4.69) | 159.04 (93.07, 233.28) | 1.97 (1.16, 2.91) | −1.55 (−1.90, −1.19) |
| Ischemic stroke | 62.11 (32.31, 99.55) | 1.81 (0.92, 2.98) | 128.69 (71.55, 195.78) | 1.66 (0.91, 2.55) | −0.36 (−0.52, −0.19) |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 25.11 (12.48, 40.47) | 0.63 (0.31, 1.01) | 17.54 (9.13, 27.82) | 0.22 (0.11, 0.34) | −4.37 (−4.75, −3.99) |
| SDI region | |||||
| High SDI | 14.25 (4.22, 26.35) | 1.37 (0.40, 2.54) | 11.31 (2.9, 22.56) | 0.51 (0.12, 1.02) | −3.76 (−3.92, −3.59) |
| High-middle SDI | 47.22 (24.93, 74.74) | 4.76 (2.47, 7.61) | 57.33 (29.96, 89.70) | 2.87 (1.50, 4.50) | −1.96 (−2.32, −1.60) |
| Middle SDI | 74.45 (45.92, 107.61) | 8.22 (5.02, 12.01) | 115.99 (69.19, 163.41) | 5.33 (3.18, 7.60) | −1.48 (−1.76, −1.20) |
| Low-middle SDI | 53.15 (35.86, 72.49) | 9.85 (6.60, 13.71) | 90.19 (59.26, 121.28) | 7.43 (4.92, 10.1) | −1.04 (−1.25, −0.82) |
| Low SDI | 18.26 (11.84, 26.06) | 8.62 (5.58, 12.35) | 30.32 (19.59, 41.93) | 6.91 (4.44, 9.54) | −0.87 (−1.02, −0.71) |
| GBD region | |||||
| High-income Asia Pacific | 2.88 (0.55, 5.78) | 1.57 (0.29, 3.16) | 2.10 (0.29, 4.87) | 0.35 (0.05, 0.82) | −5.47 (−5.62, −5.33) |
| High-income North America | 4.06 (1.52, 7.02) | 1.11 (0.41, 1.93) | 3.61 (0.92, 7.04) | 0.50 (0.12, 0.99) | −3.03 (−3.22, −2.85) |
| Western Europe | 9.64 (3.32, 17.27) | 1.63 (0.56, 2.94) | 6.88 (2.34, 13.13) | 0.59 (0.19, 1.13) | −3.84 (−4.01, −3.68) |
| Australasia | 0.41 (0.18, 0.66) | 1.83 (0.83, 3.01) | 0.42 (0.18, 0.72) | 0.73 (0.30, 1.25) | −3.57 (−3.74, −3.40) |
| Southern Latin America | 0.56 (0.03, 1.28) | 1.26 (0.06, 2.89) | 0.52 (0.08, 1.15) | 0.61 (0.09, 1.35) | −2.84 (−3.01, −2.68) |
| Andean Latin America | 0.49 (0.21, 0.77) | 2.49 (1.13, 3.95) | 0.68 (0.31, 1.13) | 1.26 (0.59, 2.08) | −2.41 (−2.57, −2.25) |
| Tropical Latin America | 4.07 (1.95, 6.38) | 4.88 (2.37, 7.60) | 4.26 (1.97, 6.86) | 1.84 (0.86, 2.97) | −3.45 (−3.52, −3.38) |
| Central Latin America | 2.78 (1.78, 3.85) | 3.71 (2.37, 5.16) | 4.66 (2.84, 6.81) | 2.07 (1.26, 3.03) | −2.34 (−2.45, −2.23) |
| Caribbean | 1.33 (0.81, 1.90) | 5.29 (3.20, 7.57) | 2.12 (1.26, 3.15) | 4.08 (2.43, 6.07) | −0.78 (−0.83, −0.74) |
| Eastern Europe | 3.07 (0.00, 9.45) | 1.19 (0.00, 3.65) | 3.30 (0.06, 9.48) | 0.95 (0.02, 2.75) | −1.49 (−2.15, −0.83) |
| Central Europe | 4.13 (0.94, 7.88) | 3.01 (0.67, 5.73) | 4.31 (1.31, 7.93) | 1.91 (0.57, 3.53) | −2.06 (−2.43, −1.70) |
| Central Asia | 1.52 (0.42, 2.75) | 3.54 (1.00, 6.38) | 2.25 (0.70, 4.09) | 3.86 (1.31, 6.86) | 0.01 (−0.57, 0.59) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 10.46 (6.75, 14.70) | 6.91 (4.37, 9.83) | 16.8 (10.33, 24.11) | 4.63 (2.86, 6.69) | −1.45 (−1.60, −1.31) |
| South Asia | 48.78 (34.08, 65.37) | 9.92 (6.82, 13.49) | 84.24 (57.49, 111.49) | 6.79 (4.66, 9.00) | −1.47 (−1.73, −1.20) |
| Southeast Asia | 12.13 (5.33, 19.89) | 5.18 (2.25, 8.42) | 23.43 (10.46, 38.17) | 4.36 (1.98, 7.02) | −0.41 (−0.64, −0.18) |
| East Asia | 90.57 (57.43, 129.32) | 11.98 (7.41, 17.2) | 129.35 (79.91, 184.35) | 7.01 (4.33, 10.01) | −1.85 (−2.19, −1.50) |
| Oceania | 0.05 (0.00, 0.12) | 1.92 (0.22, 4.65) | 0.09 (0.01, 0.25) | 1.73 (0.22, 4.17) | −0.36 (−0.48, −0.24) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 3.42 (1.55, 5.61) | 4.35 (1.97, 7.15) | 6.05 (3.01, 9.64) | 3.91 (1.97, 6.08) | −0.40 (−0.59, −0.21) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 5.38 (3.20, 8.13) | 8.06 (4.80, 12.02) | 7.06 (3.71, 11.00) | 5.44 (2.99, 8.31) | −1.46 (−1.59, −1.34) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.05 (0.46, 1.74) | 5.28 (2.39, 8.68) | 2.03 (0.96, 3.32) | 4.73 (2.38, 7.50) | −0.38 (−0.52, −0.24) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.64 (0.26, 1.09) | 2.52 (1.03, 4.26) | 1.13 (0.48, 1.92) | 2.37 (1.01, 4.00) | −0.17 (−0.71, 0.38) |
ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; CI, confidential interval; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; No., number; UI, uncertainty interval.