TABLE 1.
Selected nutrients studied for neurodevelopmental effects during infancy.
| Nutrients | Age of exposure | Age of effects | Participants | Outcome measures | Preterm/term | Country | References |
| Choline | Birth | 7 years | 895 | Visual memory | P/T | United States | (206) |
| 12 weeks gestation–3rd trimester | 7 years | 26 | Color-location memory task | T | United States | (191) | |
| 3rd Trimester | 13 months | 24 | Processing speed, visuospatial memory | T | United States | (192) | |
| 2nd trimester–3 months postpartum | 40 months | 49 | Attention and social withdrawl | T | United States | (193) | |
| DHA | 18 weeks gestation–3 months postpartum | 4 years | 76 | Mental processing | T | Norway | (194) |
| 3-4 months postpartum | 6 months | 55 | Recognition memory | T | United States | (208) | |
| 28 weeks gestation | 12 months | 126 | Problem solving/IQ | T | Norway | (195) | |
| 18 weeks gestation to Birth | 5 years | 797 | Attention | P/T | Mexico | (105) | |
| Folate | 30 weeks gestation | 10 years | 536 | Cognition | T | India | (214) |
| 20 weeks gestation–Birth | 8.5 years | 59 | Executive function | T | Germany, Spain, Hungary | (56) | |
| Gestation | 1 month | 1186 | Development quotient | T | China | (196) | |
| Birth–3 months | 6 months – 5 years | 150 | Myelination, behavioral development | T | United States | (210) | |
| Iodine | 1st Trimester | 3 – 18 months | 194 | Psychomotor development | T | Spain | (58) |
| Preconcep-tion | 6 – 7 years | 654 | Intelligence | T | United Kingdom | (39) | |
| Iron | Gestation | 6 months | 965 | Mental development index | T | South Korea | (197) |
| 34 weeks gestation | 18 months | 331 | Motor development | T | Spain | (198) | |
| Lutein | 3-4 Months postpartum | 6 months | 55 | Recognition memory | T | United States | (208) |
| 1st-2nd Trimester | 7 years | 1093 | Verbal | P/T | United States | (211) | |
| Vitamin B12 | 12 months | 12 months | 183 | Motor development | T | Guatemala | (199) |
| Preonception | 2 years | 74 | Cognition and language | T | India | (209) | |
| 1 – 21 months | 1 – 21 months | 112 | Early neurological development | T | Turkey | (200) | |
| Vitamin D | 13 weeks gestation | 14 months | 1820 | Psychomotor development | T | Spain | (201) |
| 32 weeks gestation | 6 months | 960 | Language development | P/T | Vietnam | (202) | |
| 2nd Trimester | 24 months | 1020 | Receptive language development | P/T | United States | (203) | |
| Zinc | 6 months | 6-18 months | 251 | Habituation, attention | T | Peru | (204) |
| Birth-3 months | Term corrected | 100 | Attention | P | India | (205) |