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. 2022 Jun 23;15:896786. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.896786

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Copyright © 2022 Shu, Frank, Fitch, Karg, Butcher, Nnuji-John, Kim and Saint-Geniez.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Pre-treatment with dimethyl fumarate (DMFu) blocks TNFα-induced inflammation. (A) Brightfield images of H-RPE cells treated with TNFα (10 ng/ml) and/or DMFu (80 μM) or vehicle control (DMSO). (B,C) Quantification of secreted IL-6 following TNFα and/or DMFu treatment for (B) 24 h and (C) 5 days. (D–F) qPCR analysis of inflammatory gene expression following treatments on H-RPE for (D) IL-6, (E) IL-8, and (F) MCP-1. n = 6, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc analysis. Error bars are means ± SEM. * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; **** p ≤ 0.0001; ns, not significant. Scale bar is 100 μm.