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. 2022 Jun 23;15:896786. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.896786

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Copyright © 2022 Shu, Frank, Fitch, Karg, Butcher, Nnuji-John, Kim and Saint-Geniez.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Pre-treatment with dimethyl fumarate (DMFu) blocks TNFα-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. (A) Quantification of mtDNA copy number following treatments with TNFα and/or DMFu or the vehicle control (DMSO). (B) qPCR analysis of gene expression of PGC-1α on H-RPE following treatments. n = 6, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc analysis. Error bars are means ± SEM. ** p ≤ 0.01; **** p ≤ 0.0001. (C) TEM images of H-RPE treated with DMSO, TNFα 10 ng/ml, TNFα with DMFu, and DMFu alone and magnified images. Scale bar is 1 μm.