Table 4.

Effects of dietary supplementation of different doses of eugenol nanoemulsion on serum biochemical parameters of broilers prior to E. coli O78 challenge.

Parameter	Control	Eugenol nanoemulsion (mg/kg diet)
		100	250	400	P-value	SEM
Total protein (g/dl)	4.00d	4.36c	5.10b	5.87a	<0.001	0.03
ALT (U/L)	33.32	31.33	32.33	32.17	0.20	0.48
AST (U/L)	46.37	46.17	45.00	46.43	0.34	0.60
Uric acid (μmol/L)	9.92	10.06	9.83	10.03	0.89	0.10
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.27	0.28	0.30	0.28	0.21	0.01
RBCs (×106/μL)	2.42b	2.47ab	2.52a	2.48ab	0.05	0.01
Hb (g/dl)	12.27	12.17	12.20	12.23	0.95	0.13
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	124.03a	124.57a	113.73b	103.78c	<0.001	1.18
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	97.78a	85.43b	83.70b	73.70c	<0.001	4.06
HDL (mg/dl)	39.93	35.56	39.04	39.89	0.18	2.99
LDL (mg/dl)	65.55b	71.92a	57.95c	49.15d	<0.001	2.88
VLDL (mg/dl)	19.53a	17.09b	16.74b	14.74c	<0.001	0.16

ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; RBCs, red blood cells; Hb, hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; SEM, standard error of the mean. Means with different superscripts within the same row differ significantly (P < 0.05).