Table 3.

Odds of intervention receipt in COVID-19 impacted cohort vs. unaffected reference cohort by urban (Addis and other urban areas) and rural areas.

	Rural						Urban						Addis
	Unadjusted			Adjusted			Unadjusted			Adjusted			Unadjusted			Adjusted
	n	OR	95% CI	n	OR	95% CI	n	OR	95% CI	n	OR	95% CI	n	OR	95% CI	n	OR	95% CI
Women with 4+ ANC visits	1,127	1.57	[1.03–2.37]	1,127	1.59	[1.03–2.48]	513	1.06	[0.50–2.22]	513	0.99	[0.46–2.11]	169	2.17	[0.83–5.69]	169	3.91	[1.48–10.30]
Among women with any ANC:
BP check	802	1.11	[0.62–2.02]	802	1.03	[0.57–1.89]	430	2	[0.22–18.36]	428	1.82	[0.46–7.22]	107	–		68	–
Weighed	802	1.3	[0.76–2.21]	802	1.23	[0.70–2.17]	430	0.86	[0.16–4.75]	416	0.8	[0.15–4.39]	107	–		68	–
Urine test	802	1.25	[0.75–2.08]	802	1.29	[0.75–2.22]	430	1.25	[0.42–3.70]	419	1.06	[0.40–2.81]	129	1.24	[0.22–6.99]	125	1.87	[0.26–13.30]
Blood test	802	1.36	[0.87–2.12]	802	1.49	[0.91–2.44]	430	1.08	[0.22–5.28]	428	0.84	[0.15–4.56]	107	–		9	–
Stool test	802	1.34	[0.84–2.15]	802	1.34	[0.80–2.24]	430	0.8	[0.39–1.64]	428	0.83	[0.41–1.68]	129	2.37	[0.70–8.10]	125	3.52	[1.06–11.64]
Syphilis test	802	0.67	[0.36–1.26]	802	0.64	[0.34–1.21]	430	0.97	[0.35–2.70]	423	0.85	[0.29–2.48]	129	0.87	[0.25–3.04]	125	0.93	[0.26–3.36]
HIV test	802	1.04	[0.62–1.77]	802	1.09	[0.60–1.99]	430	4.44	[0.60–32.87]	428	4.31	[0.74–24.92]	107	–		28	–
TT shot	802	1.29	[0.78–2.14]	802	1.25	[0.75–2.08]	430	1.18	[0.47–2.93]	427	0.91	[0.31–2.69]	129	0.96	[0.23–4.06]	127	0.66	[0.16–2.69]
IFA	802	1.14	[0.63–2.06]	802	1.16	[0.63–2.13]	430	2.06	[0.58–7.34]	406	1.89	[0.52–6.84]	129	1.45	[0.36–5.88]	108	1.36	[0.33–5.63]
Deworming	802	1.52	[0.91–2.54]	797	1.68	[1.00–2.80]	430	0.85	[0.25–2.89]	347	0.71	[0.22–2.28]	129	0.63	[0.06–6.73]	79	0.24	[0.02–3.66]
Women that received IFA during pregnancy	1,127	1.37	[0.86–2.20]	1,127	1.47	[0.90–2.39]	513	1.44	[0.65–3.20]	510	1.42	[0.61–3.34]	169	1.52	[0.35–6.58]	163	2.35	[0.66–8.32]
Women that received dewormer during pregnancy	1,127	1.57	[0.95–2.59]	1,118	1.76	[1.07–2.89]	513	0.74	[0.22–2.44]	494	0.68	[0.20–2.31]	169	0.73	[0.07–7.54]	102	0.38	[0.04–4.13]
Pregnant women that sought care for:
Pregnancy complications	598	2.25	[1.34–3.76]	598	2.39	[1.41–4.05]	250	1.37	[0.56–3.34]	247	1.07	[0.39–2.95]	57	–		50	–
Delivery complications	440	2.26	[1.25–4.11]	440	2.26	[1.18–4.33]	184	1.89	[0.15–23.28]	183	–		68	0.53	[0.03–9.32]	51	0.63	[0.01–33.07]
Post-delivery complications	394	4.04	[2.03–8.07]	394	4.02	[1.90–8.52]	122	1.79	[0.26–12.15]	108	7.11	[0.81–62.26]	40	1.26	[0.13–12.33]	21	1.42	[0.09–22.70]
Women who delivered in a health facility	1,127	1.27	[0.82–1.96]	1,127	1.13	[0.69–1.87]	513	0.75	[0.20–2.86]	513	0.65	[0.22–1.87]	169	0.13	[0.01–3.02]	19	0.18	[0.01–4.99]
Among women delivering in a health facility:
C-section	467	0.5	[0.11–2.26]	465	0.49	[0.12–2.03]	469	1.58	[0.62–4.02]	460	1.5	[0.50–4.47]	167	1	[0.45–2.21]	158	1.15	[0.49–2.67]
Blood transfusion	467	2.88	[0.45–18.34]	126	2.29	[0.21–24.97]	426	–		309	–
Uterotonic use	467	2.19	[0.78–6.14]	465	2.37	[0.72–7.76]	469	3.47	[1.02–11.76]	468	3.88	[1.08–14.00]	167	2.96	[0.90–9.69]	164	3.16	[1.01–9.85]
Mother checked after birth	467	1.29	[0.73–2.27]	467	1.24	[0.69–2.25]	469	1.2	[0.47–3.09]	463	1.08	[0.37–3.17]	167	0.78	[0.26–2.38]	164	0.7	[0.20–2.41]
Baby resuscitated with ambu bag#
Chlorohexidine applied to cord stump	453	0.89	[0.31–2.54]	453	1.08	[0.39–2.98]	463	0.1	[0.02–0.61]	369	0.1	[0.02–0.62]	167	6.25	[4.05–9.64]	167	–
Baby weighed at birth	467	1.64	[0.82–3.30]	465	1.6	[0.78–3.28]	469	0.79	[0.32–1.94]	468	0.61	[0.23–1.65]	143	–		141	–
Baby checked after birth	466	0.96	[0.49–1.89]	466	0.92	[0.45–1.88]	470	1.1	[0.43–2.76]	462	0.98	[0.33–2.87]	170	1.94	[0.76–4.97]	170	2.3	[0.75–7.01]
Skin to skin	466	0.97	[0.43–2.18]	464	0.94	[0.40–2.23]	470	0.57	[0.23–1.41]	469	0.58	[0.22–1.50]	170	0.82	[0.37–1.84]	167	0.87	[0.43–1.76]
Delayed bathing	466	1.57	[0.71–3.44]	464	1.59	[0.68–3.76]	470	2	[0.76–5.23]	466	2.1	[0.80–5.54]	170	–		170	–
Early initiation of breastfeeding	466	0.8	[0.43–1.51]	464	0.82	[0.42–1.61]	470	0.87	[0.26–2.91]	452	1.01	[0.27–3.71]	170	4.54	[1.16–17.83]	170	6.53	[1.39–30.57]
Women who received a c-section	1,127	0.59	[0.14–2.52]	1,118	0.5	[0.12–2.18]	513	1.5	[0.61–3.70]	494	1.53	[0.53–4.44]	169	0.95	[0.43–2.11]	160	1.08	[0.47–2.45]
Women who received a uterotonic	1,127	1.54	[0.97–2.46]	1,127	1.53	[0.95–2.48]	513	2.09	[0.86–5.07]	513	2.49	[1.02–6.07]	169	2.4	[0.79–7.32]	166	2.44	[0.77–7.67]
Newborns who had chlorohexidine applied to cord stump	1104	1.38	[0.55–3.45]	1104	1.61	[0.61–4.26]	506	0.08	[0.01–0.52]	397	0.09	[0.02–0.51]	169	6.01	[4.03–8.97]	169	–
Newborns receiving skin to skin	1,123	1.17	[0.72–1.91]	1,123	1.11	[0.65–1.89]	513	0.71	[0.31–1.62]	513	0.62	[0.25–1.56]	172	0.89	[0.40–1.97]	169	0.96	[0.48–1.91]
Newborns with delayed bathing	1,123	1.05	[0.66–1.67]	1,123	1.04	[0.64–1.69]	513	1.76	[0.78–3.94]	513	1.87	[0.87–4.03]	147	–		99	–
Newborns with early initiation of breastfeeding	1,123	0.84	[0.58–1.21]	1,123	0.84	[0.57–1.23]	513	1.05	[0.32–3.41]	502	1.1	[0.30–3.99]	172	4.72	[1.19–18.64]	172	6.64	[1.43–30.87]
Women who received a postnatal check within 48 hrs	1,127	1.6	[1.06–2.41]	1,127	1.52	[0.99–2.33]	513	0.88	[0.37–2.10]	513	0.84	[0.33–2.15]	169	0.9	[0.25–3.23]	166	0.88	[0.20–3.84]
Newborns who received a postnatal check within 48 hrs	1,104	1.51	[0.92–2.48]	1,104	1.38	[0.82–2.31]	506	0.85	[0.35–2.06]	506	0.78	[0.28–2.13]	169	1.61	[0.64–4.02]	169	1.84	[0.63–5.41]
Home visit (or sought care) within first week	1,104	2.14	[1.17–3.92]	1,104	2.04	[1.13–3.68]	506	0.65	[0.25–1.69]	506	0.66	[0.25–1.71]	169	0.77	[0.26–2.28]	163	0.89	[0.30–2.61]
BF counseling during PNC	269	1.29	[0.64–2.62]	267	1.16	[0.56–2.41]	236	1.34	[0.30–5.98]	232	1.56	[0.28–8.77]	102	0.51	[0.10–2.48]	100	0.67	[0.13–3.43]
Newborns who received BCG vaccine*	1,123	2.62	[1.55–4.43]	1,123	2.8	[1.65–4.77]	513	1.05	[0.45–2.44]	513	1.02	[0.40–2.59]	172	0.14	[0.03–0.59]	153	0.09	[0.02–0.44]
Newborns who received polio vaccine*	1,123	2.18	[1.43–3.32]	1,123	2.25	[1.46–3.46]	513	1.88	[0.73–4.87]	510	1.94	[0.84–4.51]	172	1.71	[0.17–17.53]	136	3.24	[0.59–17.93]
Newborns exclusively breastfed*	1,091	0.86	[0.54–1.38]	1,091	0.95	[0.59–1.51]	500	1.54	[0.49–4.86]	497	1.89	[0.56–6.38]	170	1.37	[0.45–4.18]	167	1.53	[0.45–5.18]
Sought skilled care for NN illness	420	2.04	[1.12–3.71]	417	2.03	[1.08–3.81]	160	0.75	[0.22–2.53]	157	0.73	[0.19–2.75]	61	1.53	[0.41–5.63]	55	3.12	[0.43–22.53]
Women practicing family planning post-delivery*	1,127	1.69	[0.98–2.94]	1000	1.47	[0.80–2.68]	513	1.92	[0.85–4.33]	510	1.81	[0.73–4.51]	169	5.56	[1.38–22.49]	169	6.94	[1.80–26.79]
Women who intend to practice family planning in next year at time of follow-up interview	979	1.17	[0.83–1.66]	979	1.14	[0.77–1.69]	399	0.47	[0.15–1.47]	396	0.45	[0.13–1.52]	114	0.66	[0.11–3.94]	44	0.6	[0.15–2.31]

Green shading indicates interventions with significantly greater odds of receipt in the COVID-19 cohort compared to the unaffected reference cohort. Orange shading indicates interventions with significantly lower odds of receipt in the COVID-19 cohort compared to the unaffected reference cohort.

^#Among children in need of neonatal resuscitation based on maternal report of asphyxia at birth.

^*At time of follow-up interview.