TABLE 3.
Risk factors by levels of MUAC.
| Characteristic | MUAC low |
MUAC mid |
MUAC high |
P-value | |||
| N | 505 | 563 | 508 | ||||
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||||
| Age (years) | 72.3 | ±6.0 | 72.0 | ±6.1 | 71.5 | ±5.9 | 0.08 |
| Gender (male) | 236 | (46.7) | 210 | (37.3) | 255 | (50.2) | <0.01* |
| Family history of premature CVD, N (%) | 98 | (19.4) | 122 | (21.8) | 101 | (19.9) | 0.60 |
| Smoking, N (%) (male) | 72 | (30.5) | 53 | (25.1) | 77 | (30.2) | 0.37 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.11 | ±0.99 | 5.29 | ±0.97 | 5.24 | ±1.07 | 0.02* |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.45 | ±0.96 | 1.58 | ±0.87 | 1.78 | ±0.94 | <0.01* |
| HDLC (mmol/L) | 1.44 | ±0.38 | 1.40 | ±0.37 | 1.29 | ±0.30 | <0.01* |
| LDLC (mmol/L) | 3.09 | ±0.86 | 3.26 | ±0.83 | 3.24 | ±0.85 | <0.01* |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.4 | ±17.9 | 134.9 | ±17.3 | 139.5 | ±16.4 | <0.01* |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.1 | ±8.1 | 79.1 | ±9.2 | 82.4 | ±9.1 | <0.01* |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 82.7 | ±15.4 | 83.1 | ±14.9 | 82.9 | ±15.4 | 0.89 |
| Anthropometric character | |||||||
| Height (cm) | 159.4 | ±8.0 | 159.0 | ±8.0 | 161.4 | ±8.6 | <0.01* |
| Weight (Kg) | 55.6 | ±8.4 | 61.2 | ±8.0 | 70.6 | ±9.5 | <0.01* |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79.4 | ±7.7 | 85.5 | ±8.2 | 92.3 | ±8.7 | <0.01* |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 92.2 | ±5.7 | 96.9 | ±5.7 | 102.2 | ±6.8 | <0.01* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 | ±2.7 | 24.2 | ±2.5 | 27.1 | ±3.1 | <0.01* |
| WHR | 0.86 | ±0.06 | 0.88 | ±0.06 | 0.90 | ±0.06 | <0.01* |
| Obesity, n (%) | 9 | (1.8) | 41 | (7.3) | 178 | (25.0) | <0.01* |
| Central obesity, n (%) | 182 | (36.0) | 399 | (70.9) | 451 | (88.8) | <0.01* |
| Diseases | |||||||
| DM, n (%) | 101 | (20.0) | 119 | (21.1) | 127 | (25.0) | 0.13 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 265 | (52.5) | 359 | (63.8) | 390 | (76.8) | <0.01* |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 285 | (56.4) | 395 | (70.2) | 371 | (73.0) | <0.01* |
| Stroke history | 98 | (19.4) | 112 | (19.9) | 105 | (20.7) | 0.88 |
| CHD history | 160 | (31.7) | 192 | (34.1) | 188 | (37.0) | 0.20 |
Continuous data were presented as mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables by absolute numbers or percentage. Comparisons of continuous variables and categorical variables between different groups of MUAC were done by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and χ2 test with respectively.
*P-values < 0.05 are considered significant.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; TC, triglyceride; TG, total cholesterol; HDLC, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MUAC, middle-up arm circumference; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; DM, diabetes mellitus; CHD, coronary heart disease.