Table 4.
Treatment characteristics, outcome measures and corresponding results (including complications)
| Author, year, country | No. of patients* (age) | Perioperative treatment | Surgical treatment | Control group | Outcome measures and results | Outcome measurement instruments | Complications | Follow-up in months, mean (range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upton, 1999, USA | 270 (1-56) |
Preoperative Embolization: 1 Postoperative Release of contractures: 12 Scar revision: 5 Tissue expansion and local flap transvers: 6 Excision and rerouting of neuromas: 3 |
Subtotal resection: Total resection: 141 |
Flash lamp-pumped pulsed dye laser: 3 Sclerotherapy (ethanol or STD): 9 Embolization: 2 |
Number of patients/number of operative procedures: CM: 0 VM: 53/76 LM: 38/63 AVM: 24/58 Combined:26/63 |
NR | Minor: 53 Major: 16 Slow-flow 22% Fast-flow 28% |
204 (12-300) |
| Mendel, 1997, USA | 17 (5–83) | NR | Resection: 12 Primary amputation: 2 |
Embolization (metrizamide): 1 | Recurrence: 71% | Clinical notes, pathology reports, surgery notes, radiologic studies | Minor: 0 Major: 0 |
144 (4–432) |
| Hill, 1993, Singapore | 15 (3–37) | Postoperative embolization: 1 | Total resection: 7 (47%) Subtotal resection: 8 (53%) |
None | Recurrence: 47% Time interval for recurrence: 2-18 months |
NR | Minor: 0 Major: 2 (13%) |
12–180 |
| AVM | ||||||||
| White, 2000, USA | 11 (13-63) | Preoperative embolization (cyanoacrylate): all | Total resection: 4 Primary amputation: 2 |
Only embolization: 5 | Recurrence: 0 Complete bone regrowth: 1 Complete relief of arm swelling: 1 Asymptomatic: 7 Marked improvement:1 Lost to follow-up after 1 year: 2 |
Recorded reviews | Minor: 1 Major: 0 |
88 (12–214) |
| VM | ||||||||
| 28, Saudi Arabia | 15 (19–50) | NR | Total resection: 15 | None | Recurrence: 0 | NR | NR | 12–60 |
| Enjolras, 1997, France | 11 (0–28) | Preoperative skin expansion: 1 | Total resection: 5 Subtotal resection: 1 |
Sclerotherapy: 2 No treatment reported: 3 |
Surgical treatment Improved: 2 (33%) Mediocre: 1 (17%) Unchanged: 2 (33%) Bad: 1 (17%) Sclerotherapy Mediocre: 1 (50%) slightly improved: 1 (50%) |
NR | Minor: 1 Major: 0 |
108 (12–204) |
| Mendonca, 2010, United Kingdom | 19 (0–18) | Sclerotherapy | Subtotal resection: 11 | Sclerotherapy (STD) |
Surgical treatment Symptoms improved: all Recurrence: 3 (27%) Sclerotherapy Symptoms improved: all |
Clinical photographs and recorded reviews of follow-up clinic |
Surgical treatment Minor: 2 Major: 0 Sclerotherapy Minor: 2 (0-67%) Major: 1 (0-33%) |
29 (7–84) |
M, malformation; V, venous; L, lymphatic; C, capillary; A, arterial; STD, sodium tetradecylsulphate
⁎
number of patients with upper extremity vascular malformation