Table 1.
Summary of study characteristics.
| Study ID | Study duration (weeks) | Background therapy | Study arms | Number of participants (n) | Mean HbA1c (%) | Mean diabetes duration (years) | Mean age (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmann et al., 2018 (SUSTAIN 3) [16] | 56 | Metformin and/or thiazolidinediones, and/or sulphonylureas | Semaglutide 1.0 mg (n = 404) Exenatide ER 2.0 mg (n = 405) |
809 | 8.3 ± 1.3 | 9.2 ± 5.5 | 56.6 ± 12.6 |
| Aroda et al., 2019 (PIONEER 1) [29] | 26 | Diet and exercise | Oral semaglutide 3 mg (n = 175) Oral semaglutide 7 mg (n = 175) Oral semaglutide 14 mg (n = 175) Placebo (n = 178) |
703 | 8.0 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 4.9 | 55 ± 11 |
| Capehorn et al., 2020 (SUSTAIN 10) [23] | 30 | SGLT-2 inhibitor as monotherapy or with sulphonylurea or metformin | Semaglutide 1.0 mg (n = 290) Liraglutide 1.2 mg (n = 287) |
577 | 8.2 ± 1.0 | 9.3 ± 5.9 | 59.5 ± 10.2 |
| Mosenzon et al., 2019 (PIONEER 5) [32] | 26 | Metformin, or sulphonylurea, or both, or basal insulin with or without metformin | Oral semaglutide 14 mg (n = 163) Placebo (n = 161) |
324 | 8.0 ± 0.7 | 14 ± 8 | 70 ± 8 |
| Pratley et al., 2018 (SUSTAIN 7) [19] | 40 | Metformin monotherapy | Semaglutide 0.5 mg (n = 301) Dulaglutide 0.75 mg (n = 299) Semaglutide 1.0 mg (n = 300) Dulaglutide 1.5 mg (n = 299) |
1199 | 8.2 ± 0.9 | 7.3 ± 5.6 | 55.6 ± 10.6 |
| Pratley et al., 2019 (PIONEER 4) [38] | 52 | Metformin with or without SGLT2 | Oral semaglutide 14 mg (n = 285) Liraglutide 1.8 mg (n = 284) Placebo (n = 142) |
711 | 8.0 ± 0.7 | 7.6 ± 5.5 | 56 ± 10 |
| Rodbard et al., 2018 (SUSTAIN 5) [18] | 30 | Basal insulin with or without metformin | Semaglutide 0.5 mg (n = 132) Semaglutide 1.0 mg (n = 131) Placebo (n = 133) |
396 | 8.4 ± 1.02 | 13.3 ± 7.6 | 58.8 ± 13.1 |
| Sorli et al., 2017 (SUSTAIN 1) [14] | 30 | diet and exercise | 0.5 mg semaglutide (n = 128) 1.0 mg semaglutide (n = 130) Placebo (n = 129) |
387 | 8.05 ± 0.85 | 4.18 ± 5.52 | 53.7 ± 11.3 |
| Yabe et al., 2020 (PIONEER 10) [31] | 52 | Sulphonylurea, glinide, thiazolidinedione, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, or SGLT2 inhibitor | Oral semaglutide 3 mg (n = 131) Oral semaglutide 7 mg (n = 132) Oral semaglutide 14 mg (n = 130) Dulaglutide 0.75 mg (n = 65) |
458 | 8.3 ± 0.9 | 9.4 ± 6.3 | 58 ± 10 |
| Yamada et al., 2020 (PIONEER 9) [30] | 52 | Diet, exercise, or oral glucose-lowering drug monotherapy | Oral semaglutide 3 mg (n = 49) Oral semaglutide 7 mg (n = 49) Oral semaglutide 14 mg (n = 48) Placebo (n = 49) Liraglutide 0.9 mg (n = 48) |
243 | 8.3 ± 0.8 | 7.5 ± 5.6 | 59.4 ± 9.4 |
| Zinman et al., 2019a (PIONEER 8) [39] | 52 | Insulin with or without metformin | Oral semaglutide 3 mg (n = 184) Oral semaglutide 7 mg (n = 182) Oral semaglutide 14 mg (n = 181) Placebo (n = 184) |
731 | 8.2 ± 0.7 | 15.0 ± 8.1 | 61 ± 10 |
| Zinman et al., 2019b (SUSTAIN 9) [20] | 30 | SGLT-2 inhibitor as monotherapy or with sulphonylurea or metformin | Semaglutide 1.0 mg (n = 151) Placebo (n = 151) |
302 | 8.0 ± 0.8 | 9.7 ± 6.1 | 57.0 ± 9.5 |