Table 3.

Significant role of oral mycobiome in causing infections in human, immune-compromised patients and animals.

Model	Sample	Study type	Findings	References
Participants from Kips Bay Endoscopy Center in New York City	Oral wash	n = 30 (Age between 18 years or older (29–86))	> 86.5% phyla were identified as Ascomycota and < 3.1% were identified as Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota and Chytridiomycota. Identified: Candida and Aspergillus sp. (100%), Penicillium sp. (97%), Schizophyllum sp. (93%), Rhodotorula sp. (90%), and Gibberella sp. (83%)	[108]
Healthy Individuals	Oral rinse	n = 20 (Age: >18, non-smoking, no symptoms of oral mucosal diseases and no recent use of antifungal agents)	Cladosporium (65%), Aureobasidium (50%), Saccharomycetales (50%), Aspergillus (35%), Fusarium (30%), and Cryptococcus (20%).	[32]
HIV Infected and Uninfected participants	Oral rinse	n = 24 (HIV infected – 12 and Uninfected individuals – 12, Age: >18 years)	Candida albicans (58% in uninfected and 83% in HIV-infected participants).	[111]
Australian children	Dental plaque	n = 17 (age: 7–10 year)	Phyla were identified: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidomycota Taxa identified: C. albicans (12%), Naganishia diffluens (8%), R. mucilaginosa (8%) and M. globosa (6%)	[108]
ANIMAL BASED STUDIES
Dog	Swab	n = 51 (with and without Periodontal diseases).	Most predominant fungal species were identified: Cladosporium sp (n = 46), Malassezia restricta (N = 44), and M. Arunalokei (N = 36).	[112]
Cat	Swab	n = 14 (Healthy cat), FCGS affected cat (n = 14)	Taxa were identified: Malassezia restricta, Cladosporium penidielloides, M. arunalokei and Aspergillaceae sp. New species identified: Bergeyella zoohelcum	[113]