Table 2.

Common delivery systems for bioactives.

Delivery system	Benefits	Potential applications	References
Liposome	Sustained and targeted drug delivery; reducing drug-induced toxicity; improving drug solubility; increasing circulation time; overcoming multi-compound resistance; and improving the therapeutic index	Agrochemical; pharmaceutical; cosmetic; and food industries	(Shishir et al., 2019)
Micro and nanoencapsulation	Production of stable capsules; protection of the core compound from moisture, oxygen, and UV rays; allows the modification and/or improvement of the properties of the active substance; increase the shelf life of a volatile compound; control release; reduces agglomeration of fine powders; improve the handling properties of sticky materials, and prevent chemical reactions with external factors	Agrochemical; cosmetic, food; pharmaceutical; and textile industries	(Ribeiro et al., 2020)
Nanoemulsion, nanoparticles, phytosomes, nanovesicles, nanoliposomes, and niosomes	Enhanced penetrability and bioavailability of the active compounds; penetration to the cell membranes; encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs; slowing the rate of drug break down, extending the drug half-life, stabilizing sensitive drugs, lessening the toxic and side effects of drugs; improving entrapment efficiency	Cosmetics; agrochemical; food; and pharmaceutical industries	(Karimi et al., 2017)
Bilosomes and Double emulsions (duplex or multiple emulsions)	Easy availability and high potency as penetration enhancers to improve the oral bioavailability, co-delivery of nutraceuticals, fat and salt reduction e in foods without altering the food's native sensory properties	Agrochemical; food; cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries	(Aditya et al., 2017)
Polymeric and inorganic nanoparticles, Protein-based nanocarriers, Lipid-based and vesicular delivery systems, and exosomes	Improved drug bioactivity, low toxicity, the capability of evading the immune system, ability to cross the permeability barrier of the skin, enhanced drug penetration into and through the skin	Agrochemical; food; cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries	(Lagoa et al., 2020)