. 2022 Jun 30;4(4):fcac171. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac171

Table 1.

Main cellular and molecular effects of VitD on CNS cells

	BBB (see Supplementary Table 3)	Pericytes (see Supplementary Table 4)	Astrocytes (see Supplementary Table 5)	Microglia (see Supplementary Table 6)	Oligodendrocytes (see Supplementary Table 7)
VitD metabolism
VDR	↑ in vitro^118,119 n.s. in vitro^120,121 ↑ in vivo^122,123	↑ in vitro^124,125	↑ in vitro^126–128 n.s. in vitro¹²¹	↑ in vitro^{121,129–131}	↑ in vitro^132–134
Cyp24a1	↑ in vitro¹¹⁸ n.s. in vitro¹²¹ ↑ in vivo^135,136		↑ in vitro^121,127	↑ in vitro^121,127,129
Cyp24b1			n.s. in vitro^121,127
Growth factors
BDNF	↑ in vivo^137,138
NGF			↑ in vitro^139,140
Signalling
p-AKT	↑ in vitro^141,142
p-ERK	↑ in vitro^141,142
NF-kb Activation	↓ in vitro^143,144
Cell viability	↑ in vitro^141,144			n.s. in vitro^145–147 ↑ in vitro¹⁴⁸
Leakage
Claudin-5	↑ in vitro^143,144
ZO-1	↑ in vitro^143,144 ↑ in vivo^149,150
TEER	↑ in vitro^143,144
Brain efflux	↑ in vivo^135,151
Permeability	↓ in vivo^{26,122,137,138,149,150}
Trafficking
Mrp1	n.s. in vivo^120,152
P-gP	↑ in vivo^{120,135,136,151,152}
BCRP	n.s. in vivo^135,136
Oxidative stress
NO-production	↑ in vitro^141,142			↓ in vitro^{145,147,148,153} n.s. in vitro¹⁵⁴
ROS production	↓ in vitro^141,142
iNOS				↓ in vitro^{129,131,148,155} n.s. in vitro¹⁵³
SOD	↑ in vivo^137,156
Arg1				↑ in vitro^131,155
Cytokines
IL-10				↑ in vitro^129,130
TNFa				↓ in vitro^{131,145,147,153,154} n.s. in vitro^148,155 ↓ in vivo^157,158
IL-1b				↓ in vitro^131,148,155
IL-6				↓ in vitro^{129,131,147,148,153–155}
Myelin
Myelination					↑ in vivo^34,159
MBP					↑ in vivo^159,160
Demyelination					↓ in vivo^34,159–162
CNS insult
Osteopontin	↑ in vivo^122,123
GFAP			↓ in vivo^163–166 ↑ in vivo^161,167,168 n.s. in vivo¹⁶⁹
Radio clinical parameters
Brain oedema	↓ in vivo^122,137,150
Neurological deficit	↓ in vivo^122,137,150 n.s. in vivo¹⁷⁰
New Gd-enhancing lesions	↓ multiple sclerosis Patients^171–173 n.s. multiple sclerosis patients⁸⁶

Molecules/mechanisms/endpoints showing concordant variation after VitD stimulation in more than one study for each cell types are represented in this table. See Supplementary Tables 3–7 for experimental details. Arg1, Arginase-1; BBB, blood–brain barrier; BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; MBP, myelin basic protein; Mrp1, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1; NGF, neural growth factor; NO, nitric oxide; P-gP, permeability-glycoprotein; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TEER, transepithelial/trans-endothelial electrical resistance; TNF-a, tumour necrosis factor alpha; VDR, vitamin D receptor.