TABLE 3.
Characteristics of the dietary VK and cognition study population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 (N = 2524).
| CERAD W-L |
AFT |
DSST |
||||||||
| Number of subjects (N) | Normal cognitive performance | Low cognitive performance | p-value | Normal cognitive performance | Low cognitive performance | p-value | Normal cognitive performance | Low cognitive performance | p-value | |
| Number of subjects (%)a | 1939 (76.82) | 585 (23.18) | 1952 (77.34) | 572 (22.66) | 1913 (75.79) | 611 (24.21) | ||||
| Age (%)a | 2524 | 0.3261 | 0.0798 | 0.0028 | ||||||
| 60–70 years | 1030 (58.09) | 338 (52.41) | 1040 (57.82) | 323 (53.24) | 1036 (58.53) | 332 (47.35) | ||||
| 70–80 years | 589 (27.98) | 160 (32.67) | 602 (28.99) | 146 (27.79) | 567 (28.29) | 182 (32.26) | ||||
| ≥70 years | 320 (13.93) | 87 (14.92) | 310 (13.19) | 95 (18.97) | 310 (13.18) | 97 (20.39) | ||||
| Sexa | 2524 | 0.0041 | 0.3511 | 0.5684 | ||||||
| Male | 862 (44.77) | 355 (55.96) | 944 (46.02) | 273 (50.52) | 875 (46.48) | 342 (48.42) | ||||
| Female | 1077 (55.23) | 230 (44.04) | 1008 (53.98) | 299 (49.48) | 1038 (53.52) | 269 (51.58) | ||||
| Racea | 2524 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Mexican American | 139 (2.67) | 72 (6.80) | 164 (3.11) | 47 (4.90) | 125 (2.43) | 86 (9.98) | ||||
| Other Hispanic | 159 (2.97) | 85 (8.61) | 168 (3.29) | 76 (7.51) | 124 (2.41) | 120 (14.45) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1046 (81.32) | 223 (67.77) | 1106 (82.72) | 163 (58.86) | 1118 (83.71) | 151 (46.55) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 429 (8.01) | 165 (11.44) | 376 (6.68) | 218 (18.87) | 361 (6.20) | 233 (24.98) | ||||
| Other races | 166 (5.04) | 40 (5.37) | 138 (4.20) | 68 (9.86) | 185 (5.25) | 21 (4.05) | ||||
| Educational level (%)a | 2475 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Below high school | 366 (12.51) | 213 (27.79) | 382 (13.32) | 197 (25.15) | 283 (11.05) | 296 (43.42) | ||||
| High school | 431 (20.23) | 144 (24.57) | 415 (19.58) | 160 (28.49) | 433 (20.65) | 142 (23.29) | ||||
| Above high school | 1103 (67.27) | 218 (47.63) | 1116 (67.10) | 205 (46.36) | 1161 (68.30) | 160 (33.29) | ||||
| Material status (%)a | 2514 | 0.0444 | 0.0848 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Married/living with partner | 1156 (67.41) | 328 (61.16) | 1163 (67.34) | 321 (60.82) | 1170 (68.43) | 314 (51.93) | ||||
| Widowers/divorced /separated/never married |
776 (32.59) | 254 (38.84) | 782 (32.66) | 248 (39.18) | 736 (31.57) | 294 (48.07) | ||||
| Poverty-income ratio (%)a | 2524 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| <1 | 248 (6.87) | 125 (14.23) | 240 (6.49) | 133 (17.06) | 196 (5.66) | 177 (25.13) | ||||
| ≥1 | 1691 (93.13) | 460 (85.77) | 1712 (93.51) | 439 (82.94) | 1717 (94.34) | 434 (74.87) | ||||
| Body mass index (%)a | 2492 | 0.3840 | 0.9928 | 0.6163 | ||||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 496 (27.24) | 165 (28.02) | 508 (27.42) | 153 (27.15) | 501 (27.05) | 160 (29.64) | ||||
| 25–30 kg/m2 | 660 (34.36) | 206 (38.09) | 677 (35.04) | 189 (34.90) | 671 (35.53) | 195 (31.54) | ||||
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 759 (38.40) | 206 (33.89) | 752 (37.54) | 213 (37.95) | 727 (37.42) | 238 (38.82) | ||||
| Work activity (%)a | 2521 | <0.01 | 0.0857 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Vigorous | 219 (14.04) | 55 (9.30) | 234 (13.88) | 40 (9.65) | 228 (13.97) | 46 (8.06) | ||||
| Moderate | 421 (24.46) | 91 (16.19) | 422 (24.07) | 90 (17.31) | 419 (24.09) | 93 (15.66) | ||||
| Low | 1297 (61.50) | 438 (74.51) | 1295 (62.05) | 440 (73.04) | 1263 (61.94) | 472 (76.28) | ||||
| Recreational activity (%)a | 2524 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Vigorous | 209 (12.91) | 34 (5.30) | 210 (12.96) | 33 (4.22) | 229 (13.08) | 14 (1.33) | ||||
| Moderate | 647 (33.59) | 177 (34.35) | 675 (34.47) | 149 (29.77) | 654 (34.56) | 170 (28.06) | ||||
| Low | 1083 (53.49) | 374 (60.36) | 1067 (52.57) | 390 (66.01) | 1030 (52.36) | 427 (70.61) | ||||
| Smoke at least 100 cigarettes in life (%)a | 2522 | 971 (48.93) | 304 (49.52) | 0.8782 | 1002 (49.59) | 273 (46.07) | 0.3817 | 965 (48.59) | 310 (52.01) | 0.1803 |
| Hypertension (%)a | 2524 | 1553 (76.52) | 472 (82.07) | 0.0932 | 1540 (76.64) | 485 (82.03) | 0.0993 | 1508 (76.36) | 517 (85.21) | 0.0156 |
| Diabetes (%)a | 2524 | 585 (23.24) | 217 (27.76) | 0.0177 | 547 (22.05) | 228 (34.54) | 0.0013 | 536 (21.52) | 266 (41.11) | <0.01 |
| Stroke (%)a | 2519 | 115 (5.42) | 54 (8.52) | 0.0524 | 114 (5.22) | 55 (9.90) | 0.0135 | 98 (4.97) | 71 (12.72) | <0.01 |
| Had at least 12 alcohol drinks/year (%)a | 2506 | 1338 (74.12) | 392 (68.12) | 0.0332 | 1379 (75.03) | 351 (62.69) | <0.01 | 1352 (75.04) | 378 (59.66) | <0.01 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day)b | 2524 | 1751 (831.5) | 1637.5 (975.5) | 0.0003 | 1785.75 (821.5) | 1547 (866.75) | <0.01 | 1789 (832) | 1557.5 (869.5) | <0.01 |
| Daily dietary VK intake (mcg/day)b | 2524 | 86.25 (94.35) | 67.7 (76) | <0.01 | 86.73 (94.53) | 64.88 (73.95) | <0.01 | 87.95 (94.2) | 60.45 (73.3) | <0.01 |
| Daily dietary VK intake from vegetable source (mcg/day)c | 1712 | 42 (87.15) | 35.8 (65.95) | 0.0163 | 42 (83.65) | 36.15 (67.8) | 0.1604 | 43.95 (87.35) | 31.35 (62.45) | <0.01 |
| Daily dietary VK intake from grain source (mcg/day)c | 1450 | 16.2 (21) | 15.8 (20.2) | 0.6944 | 16.7 (21.15) | 13.3 (21.425) | 0.0048 | 16.7 (21.4) | 14.3 (19.95) | 0.0267 |
Data were the actual number of participants (weighted percentage) or medians (interquartile ranges).
aChi-square test was used to compare the difference between normal and low cognitive performance participants.
bMann–Whitney U test was used to compare the difference between normal and low cognitive performance participants.
cAmong 2524 individuals, 1712 had completed data on VK from vegetable source, 1450 had completed VK data from grain source.