TABLE 1.
Application of different non-coding RNAs in FH.
| Types of non-coding RNAs | RNAs | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Long non-coding RNAs | MIAT | Down-regulation leads to lowering atherosclerotic plaques and lipid profiles | Sun et al. (2019) |
| GAS5 | Down-regulation repress the progression of lipid accumulation and atherosclerosis | Shen et al. (2019) | |
| Rp5-833A20.1 | Down-regulation may reduce the amount of LDL-c and VLDL-c in sera | Hu et al. (2015) | |
| LeXis | Up-regulation reduce the total serum cholesterol levels | Muret et al. (2019) | |
| Lnc-HC | Down-regulation improves the total cholesterol, TG, and HDL-cholesterol levels | Zhao et al. (2017) | |
| DYNLRB2 | Down-regulation reduce the circulating lipids and alleviate atherosclerotic symptoms | Zhao et al. (2017); and Zhang et al. (2019) | |
| Small interfering RNAs | ALN-PCS | Reduces the PCSK9 mRNA and LDL-C levels | Graham et al. (2007) |
| Inclisiran | Reduces the PCSK9 mRNA and LDL-C levels | Nishikido et al. (2019) | |
| SNALP-siRNA | Reduces the apoB mRNA and LDL-C levels | Zimmermann et al. (2006) | |
| Antisense oligonucleotides | 2’-O-methoxyethyl ASO | Reduces the PCSK9 mRNA and LDL-C levels | Graham et al. (2007) |
| SPC5001 | Reduces the PCSK9 mRNA and LDL-C levels | Gupta et al. (2010) | |
| Mipomersen | Reduces the apoB mRNA and LDL-C levels | Gaudet et al. (2015) | |
| ISIS-APO(a)Rx | Targeted the Lp(a) protein level to reduce the early onset and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) | Li et al. (2017) | |
| ANGPTL3-LRx | Decreases ANGPTL3 protein expression, TGs, LDL-C, VLDL, apoB, and apoC-III levels | Graham et al. (2017) | |
| MicroRNAs | miR-148a | Affects HDL-C levels by negative regulation of LDLR mRNA translation | Goedeke et al. (2015) |
| miR-27a | Inhibits the expression of LDLR and LDLR-associated factors, including LRP6, LDLRAP1 | Alvarez et al. (2015) | |
| miR-185 | Down-regulating the RNA-binding protein KH-type splicing regulatory protein as well as directly targeting LDLR (KSRP). | Jiang et al. (2015) | |
| miR-221 | Reduces the PCSK9 mRNA and LDL-C levels | Naeli et al. (2017) | |
| miR-224 | Reduces the PCSK9 mRNA and LDL-C levels | Naeli et al. (2017) | |
| miR-191 | Reduces the PCSK9 mRNA and LDL-C levels | Naeli et al. (2017) | |
| miR-483-5p | Targeting the 3′-UTR of PCSK9 mRNA and decreases the circulating LDL-C | Dong et al. (2020) | |
| miR-34a | Reduces the apoB mRNA and LDL-C levels | Xu et al. (2015) | |
| miR-224 | Reduces the PCSK9 mRNA and LDL-C levels | Salerno et al. (2020) | |
| miR-520d | Reduces the PCSK9 mRNA and LDL-C levels | Salerno et al. (2020) | |
| miR-30c | Reduces the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) mRNA levels | Irani et al. (2018) | |
| miR-133a | A diagnostic marker for cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis in FH patients | Escate et al. (2021) | |
| miR-200c | A diagnostic marker for FH | Escate et al. (2021) | |
| miR-30a/b | Used as a diagnostic marker for cardiovascular disease | D’Agostino et al. (2017) | |
| miR-223 | Used as a diagnostic marker for FH disease | Vickers et al. (2011) | |
| miR-105 | Used as a diagnostic marker for FH disease | Vickers et al. (2011) | |
| miR-106a | Used as a diagnostic marker for FH disease | Vickers et al. (2011) | |
| miR-486 | Used as a diagnostic marker for FH disease | Scicali et al. (2019) | |
| miR-92a | Used as a diagnostic marker for FH disease | Scicali et al. (2019) |