Table 5.

Excerpts from exergy-based life cycle assessment of ORC plants.

ORC Heat Source	Use of the Ecoindicator 99 LCIA method	Cradle to grave life cycle boundary consideration	Environmental impacts of pollutants emissions consideration	Reference(s)
Geothermal energy	Yes	Yes	No	(Ahmadi Boyaghchi and Nazer, 2017)
Geothermal energy	Yes	Yes	Yes	(Gürbüz et al., 2022)
Geothermal energy	No (ReCiPe from an LCA approach, weighted as single points)	Yes	No	(Fiaschi et al., 2021)
Biomass energy	Yes	Yes	No	(Ebadollahi et al., 2021)
Biomass energy	No	No	No	(Parham et al., 2017)
Biomass energy	No	No	No	(Adebayo et al., 2022)
Waste heat	No	No	No	(Ahmadi et al., 2012)
Waste heat	No	No	No	(Altinkaynak and Ozturk, 2022)
Generic	Yes	Yes	Yes	(Ding et al., 2018)
Waste heat	Yes	Yes	No	(Ghorbani et al., 2020)
Waste heat	Yes	Yes	No	(Ochoa, Gutierrez, et al., 2020)
Solar energy	Yes	Yes	No	(Boyaghchi and Chavoshi, 2018)
Solar energy	Yes	Yes	No	(Mousavi et al., 2022)
Solar energy	Yes	Yes	No	(Zandi et al., 2021)