Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants by year
| Variable | Total | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | 5,667 (100) | 769 (13.6) | 702 (12.4) | 728 (12.8) | 495 (8.7) | 563 (9.9) | 640 (11.3) | 605 (10.7) | 555 (9.8) | 610 (10.8) | |
| Male sex | 3,014 (53.2) | 407 (52.9) | 376 (53.6) | 377 (51.8) | 269 (54.3) | 313 (55.6) | 337 (52.7) | 312 (51.6) | 297 (53.5) | 326 (53.4) | 0.485 |
| Age (yr) | 14.3±0.1 | 14.3±0.1 | 14.3±0.1 | 14.3±0.1 | 14.3±0.1 | 14.4±0.1 | 14.5±0.1 | 14.5±0.1 | 14.3±0.1 | 14.3±0.1 | 0.524 |
| BMI z-score | -0.0±0.0 | -0.1±0.1 | -0.1±0.1 | 0.0± 0.1 | 0.1±0.1 | 0.2±0.1 | -0.0±0.1 | 0.0±0.1 | 0.0±0.1 | 0.1±0.1 | 0.041 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 70.4±0.2 | 69.7±0.4 | 69.0±0.5 | 69.5±0.5 | 70.7±0.5 | 72.8±0.5 | 71.0±0.5 | 70.1±0.5 | 69.9±0.5 | 71.8±0.6 | 0.007 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.8±0.2 | 50.1±0.6 | 50.9±0.6 | 51.2±0.4 | 51.0±0.5 | 50.2±0.5 | 51.2±0.5 | 50.7±0.4 | 50.0±0.5 | 51.7±0.5 | 0.427 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 74.7±0.6 | 71.3±1.8 | 74.6±2.2 | 72.6±1.7 | 75.0±2.0 | 76.7±2.0 | 75.2±1.7 | 75.2±1.9 | 78.1±2.0 | 75.4±1.8 | 0.028 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 108.0±0.2 | 106.5±0.5 | 107.6±0.5 | 107.8±0.5 | 108.3±0.6 | 109.1±0.5 | 109.2±0.5 | 108.2±0.5 | 107.6±0.5 | 108.5±0.6 | 0.004 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 66.4±0.2 | 66.1±0.4 | 66.0±0.5 | 66.2±0.4 | 66.0±0.5 | 66.5±0.4 | 66.9±0.4 | 66.7±0.5 | 66.2±0.5 | 66.9±0.5 | 0.133 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 90.9±0.1 | 88.7±0.4 | 88.7±0.4 | 90.5±0.4 | 92.7±0.8 | 91.4±0.3 | 91.7±0.3 | 91.4±0.4 | 91.6±0.4 | 92.3±0.4 | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2,154±15 | 2,164±40 | 2,173±44 | 2,151±42 | 2,223±56 | 2,226±45 | 2,150±4 | 2,097±49 | 2,136±48 | 2,058±52 | 0.060 |
Values are presented as weighted mean±standard error for continuous variables or number (weighted %) for categorical variables. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL cholesterol were log transformed for the analysis and expressed as geometric mean±standard error.
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; BP, blood pressure.