TABLE 2.

Relationship between grammatical difficulty and instruction.

Type of instruction	Grammatical difficulty	Level of scaffolding
Explicit Input (PI, Explicit Grammar Instruction, Input Enhancement)	Highest Difficulty	Most Highly Scaffolded
Implicit Input (Input Flood)	Intermediate Difficulty	Intermediate Level of Scaffolding
Output (Speaking or Writing Tasks)	Low Difficulty	Low Level of Scaffolding