Table 2.
Bivariate associations of renal damage with hydration status and physical activity level using generalized linear mixed-effects models among 6–9-year-old children in Beijing (N = 1914).
| Dependent variables | Independent variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cOR (95%CI) | P | aOR (95%CI) | P | aOR (95%CI) | P | ||
| Tubular damage | Dehydration | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||
| Euhydration | 0.52 (0.46, 0.59) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.44, 0.57) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.44, 0.57) | <0.001 | |
| Tubular damage | Insufficient PA | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||
| Sufficient PA | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 0.51 | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 0.50 | 0.93 (0.77, 1.12) | 0.47 | |
| Glomerular damage | Dehydration | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||
| Euhydration | 0.36 (0.28, 0.47) | <0.001 | 0.32 (0.25, 0.42) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.25, 0.43) | <0.001 | |
| Glomerular damage | Insufficient PA | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||
| Sufficient PA | 1.12 (0.84, 1.50) | 0.44 | 1.14 (0.84, 1.53) | 0.40 | 1.15 (0.85, 1.55) | 0.35 | |
PA, physical activity; cOR, crude odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ref., reference group; Model 1, unadjusted; model 2, adjusting for age, sex, and BMI z-score; model 3, adjusting for age, sex, BMI z-score, standardized SBP, sleep duration, screen time, and fruit and vegetable intake. All models included two random effects, namely, the week-day and intra-wave of the urinalysis.