Table 3.

Multivariable associations of renal damage with hydration status and physical activity level using generalized linear mixed-effects models among 6–9-year-old children in Beijing (N = 1914).

Dependent variables	Independent variables	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
		Estimate (95%CI)	P	Estimate (95%CI)	P	Estimate (95%CI)	P
Tubular	Intercept	−1.16 (−1.72, −0.61)	<0.001	−2.31(−3.89, −0.73)	0.004	−2.15 (−3.74, −0.56)	0.008
damage	Euhydration	−0.75 (−0.90, −0.59)	<0.001	−0.78 (−0.93, −0.63)	<0.001	−0.78 (−0.93, −0.63)	<0.001
	Sufficient PA	−0.21 (−0.43, 0.01)	0.066	−0.20 (−0.42, 0.02)	0.074	−0.21 (−0.43, 0.02)	0.069
	Interaction	0.45 (0.11, 0.79)	0.010	0.44 (0.09, 0.78)	0.012	0.43 (0.09, 0.77)	0.014
Glomerular	Intercept	−2.61 (−2.91, −2.30)	<0.001	−3.21 (−5.80, −0.63)	0.015	−2.98 (−5.56, −0.40)	0.024
damage	Euhydration	−1.18 (−1.49, −0.87)	<0.001	−1.28 (−1.60, −0.96)	<0.001	−1.27 (−1.59, −0.95)	<0.001
	Sufficient PA	−0.08 (−0.44, 0.28)	0.67	−0.06 (−0.43, 0.31)	0.76	−0.05 (−0.42, 0.32)	0.80
	Interaction	0.60 (0.01, 1.19)	0.047	0.57 (−0.03, 1.17)	0.060	0.57 (−0.04, 1.17)	0.065

PA, physical activity; CI, confidence interval; Model 1, unadjusted; model 2, adjusting for age, sex, and BMI z–score; model 3, adjusting for age, sex, BMI z–score, standardized SBP, sleep duration, screen time, and fruit and vegetable intake. All models included two random effects, namely, the week–day and intra–wave of the urinalysis.