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Working model of PTSD with an emphasis on immunomodulatory factors in the etiology and pathophysiology of PTSD. The model includes the influence of pre-existing factors that contribute to individual variability in physiological and psychological responses to trauma, leading to development and persistence of PTSD in a subset of individuals. Abbreviations: ANS, autonomic nervous system; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.
